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PRE-AP BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW FALL 2011
UNIT I – CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE, BASIC CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY
1. List 6 characteristics among all living things?
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2. Which characteristic of life is vital to the survival of the species as opposed to the individual organism? _______________________
3. Define development and give an example.
4. What does the chemical behavior of an atom depend on? ____________________________________________________________
5. What is homeostasis? Give a few examples of homeostatic functions in the human body.
6. What type of bond results from the sharing of valence electrons? ____________________________________
7. What type of bond results in the formation of ions? _______________________________________
8. What property of water allows insects to walk on the surface of a pond? _______________________________________________
9. Why does ice float in liquid water?
10. Draw a water molecule. Label the elements as well as the positive and negative ends.
11. All organic molecules contain what element? ___________________
12. What type of bonds does Carbon have a tendency to form? _______________________________________
13. What makes carbon so compatible with other elements? ______________________________________________________
14. What are some functions of carbohydrates?
15. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for what 3 monosaccharides? ________________________________________________________
16. The storage form of glucose in animals is_____________________________________.
17. List the monomers and element composition for the 4 macromolecules by completing the following table:
Macro(Bio) molecule
Monomer
Element Composition
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Glycerol + Fatty Acid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
18. List examples for the following:
Polysaccharides – ______________________________________________________________________________
Monosaccharides – _____________________________________________________________________________
Disaccharides - _________________________________________________________________________________
19. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated –
Unsaturated –
20. What macromolecule group do steroids belong to? ________________________________________
21. To which macromolecule group do enzymes belong? ______________________________________
22. The preferred carbohydrate for the cell is______________________________________________________
23. Which macromolecule group is responsible for carrying heredity information? __________________________________________
24. What are some functions of proteins?
25. What are three characteristics common to all biomolecules?
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UNIT II - CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
1. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
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2. What is the function of the cell membrane? ____________________________________________________________________
3. What cell structures are common to all prokaryotic organisms? _____________________________________________________
4. What cell structures are common to all eukaryotic organisms? ______________________________________________________
5. What structures are unique to plant cells? _____________________________________________________________________
6. What structures are unique to animal cells? ____________________________________________________________________
7. Which organelle produces proteins for export out of the cell? _______________________________________________________
8. Which organelle is involved in packaging and processing of substances? _____________________________________________
9. Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? _____________________________________________________________
10. Which cell structure is responsible for ribosome production? ______________________________________________________
11. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? ____________________________________________________________
12. Which organelle is responsible for glucose production? __________________________________________________________
13. The organelle responsible for breaking down alcohol & drugs is? ___________________________________________________
14. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down substances? ___________________________________
15. Which organelle in a plant cell stores water for photosynthesis? ____________________________________________________
16. Trace the path of a protein from the time it is produced until it is secreted out of the cell.
RERvesicle ________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Describe the function of each of the components of the cell membrane.
Carbohydrates –
Lipids –
Proteins –
18. What are three characteristics common to both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
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UNIT III – CLASSIFICATION, KINGDOMS, & A CLOSER LOOK AT PLANTS
1. List the levels of classification from most general to most specific.
Kingdom  ____________  _____________  ______________  ____________  ____________  _____________
2. Two organisms that are in the same class but belong to different orders will also belong to the same? _____________________
3. What is the branch of science called that places organisms into hierarchical groups based on their similarities? ______________
4. What kingdom could be described as eukaryotic, autotrophic, and multicellular? ________________________________________
5. Which two kingdoms contain organisms that play a vital role in decomposition? ____________________ & __________________
6. A Biology student locates a unicellular organism under the microscope with a nucleus and cilia. What kingdom should the student
place this organism into? What could this organism be? _____________________________ ____________________________
7. What kingdom(s) would contain prokaryotes? ___________________________________________________________________
8. Which kingdom contains members that use extracellular digestion and absorption to obtain their nutrition? ___________________
9. If you wanted to place a new bacterial species into the appropriate Kingdom, what would be the best characteristic to look for?
10. What effect has the advancement in DNA and protein sequencing had on classification?
11. The scientific name of the bullfrog is Rana catesbeiana. What is it’s genus? ______________ It’s species? _____________
12. What characteristics are common to all members belonging to Kingdom Plantae?
13. Write the equation for photosynthesis & identify the reactants and products:
14. Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? ____________________________________________________
15. Plants that lack vascular tissue are known as _____________________, whereas plants that contain vascular tissue are known as
_____________________________.
16. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
Xylem –
Phloem –
17. What type of plant tissue is composed of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots?
18. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?
Primary –
Secondary –
19. Label the diagram to the right using the following terms:
In addition, describe the function of the terms below.
Cuticle Stomata Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Guard cells Epidermis –
20. Describe characteristics of bryophytes including how they reproduce:
21. Tracheophytes can be divided into three groups: ___________________(ferns), __________________, ____________________
22. Describe characteristics of Pterophytes including how they reproduce:
23. What are some advantages of seeds compared to reproduction using spores?
24. Describe characteristics of Gymnosperms including how they reproduce:
25. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination –
Fertilization –
26. Label the parts of the flower.
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
5. ___________________________________
6. ___________________________________
7. ___________________________________
8. ___________________________________
27. Fill in the following chart on the differences between monocots and dicots.
# of Petals
Venation in Leaves
# of Cotyledons
Arrangement of vascular bundle
Monocot
Dicot
28. Angiosperms produce seeds inside _________________________________.
29. The growth of a plant toward a light source is known as _______________________, and is caused by the hormone __________.
30. A plant’s response to ________________ assures that the roots grow downward and the stems grow upward.
UNIT IV – SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND ECOLOGY
1. What is a hypothesis? __________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between the dependent and independent variable?
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3. What is the purpose of including a control within an experiment? __________________________________________________
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4. What are some important things to consider to make sure that an experimental set-up is valid?
5. Define ecology.
6. List the levels of organization in an ecosystem from most inclusive (broadest) to least inclusive (most specific).
Biosphere _______________  __________________ _______________  _________________  _______________
7. A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called____________________________________.
8. List some important biotic factors that affect the structure & organization of communities.
9. Define and give examples of each:
Producer/Autotroph –
Consumer/Heterotroph Herbivore –
Carnivore –
Decomposer –
10. What is a nutrient cycle? Give four examples.
11. Nitrogen is an important component of which two macromolecules? _________________________________________________
12. Why is a food web a more accurate representation of energy flow in an ecosystem compared to a food chain?
13. In a food web, which type of consumer obtains their energy from dead, decaying organisms? _____________________________
14. Define:
Niche –
Habitat –
Community -
15. A certain energy pyramid has 4 levels…The first level is a plant, the second level is a rat, the third level is a snake, and the fourth
level is an eagle. What would the plant be known as? How much energy would be available to the snake?
16. Referring to question 15, carnivores would be no lower than what level? ______________________________________________
17. Why is there a limit to the number of trophic levels in an energy pyramid?
18. Define mutualism. Give an example.
UNIT V – THE WORKING CELL PART I – TRANSPORT, ATP, ENZYMES
1. Define passive transport –
2. Briefly describe the three types of passive transport...
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis 3. The most important role of exocytosis in the cell would be to releases substances such as ______________________________
4. Define active transport –
5. Briefly describe the three types of active transport….
Endocytosis –
Exocytosis –
Protein Pumps –
6. Define the following terms related to osmosis:
hypertonic –
hypotonic isotonic 7. An animal cell placed into a hypertonic salt solution will _________________________________________________
8. A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution will become __________________________________________________
9. What is ATP? ________________________________________________________________________________
10. What is ADP? _________________________________________________________________________________
A semi-permeable membrane separates the solutions in the two arms of this U-tube. The membrane is
permeable to water and glucose but NOT to NaCl.
Side A
Side B
.5 M glucose
.6 M NaCl
.9 M glucose
.5 M NaCl
11. Which side is hypertonic at the beginning of the experiment? ______________________________
12. In which direction will water move? _______________
13. If you examined side A of the tube after several hours, what would you find? ________________________________
14. What is ATP made up of? ______________________________________________________________________________
15. Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between ________________________________________________
16. What are some things the cell uses ATP for? _______________________________________________________________
17. Cells store energy when a third ____________________ is added to an ADP.
18. Why are enzymes necessary for many cell reactions?
19. Why are enzymes referred to as catalysts?
20. What 4 features do enzymes share?
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UNIT V – THE WORKING CELL PART 2 – CELL RESPIRATION & FERMENTATION
1. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? ___________________________
2. In cell respiration, only a SMALL amount of energy is generated by what two processes? ________________________________
3. What pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? _________________________________________
4. Where does Kreb’s cycle occur? ___________________________________________________
5. What process breaks down food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP? _________________________________
6. Write the equation for cell respiration and identify the reactants and products.
7. What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC of cell respiration? ___________________________________________
8. What are the end products of glycolysis? __________________________________________________________________
9. Where does glycolysis occur? _____________________________________________________
10. What determines whether pyruvic acid will be converted into lactic acid or acetyl CoA? _______________________________
11. What would happen if a poison inhibited the ETC of cellular respiration? ___________________________________________
12. What are the three steps of cell respiration in order? __________________________________________________________
13. What process occurs in the absence of oxygen? ____________________________________________________________
14. When subjected to anaerobic conditions, yeast break down glucose into _________________ and _____________________
15. What products of Kreb’s cycle transfers electron energy to the ETC? _____________________________________________
16. Where does the ETC occur? _____________________________________________________________________________
UNIT VI - CELL CYCLE, DNA, REPLICATION
1. What kind of organism would NOT reproduce cells by mitosis? __________________________________________________
2.
List all the words that could be used to describe the genetic material of the cell:
3. A cell that passes the restriction point (a checkpoint in G1) will do what next? _________________________________________
4. If a cell went through mitosis, but not cytokinesis, what would this result in? __________________________________________
5. How do the new daughter cells at the end of mitosis & cytokinesis compare with their parent cell? _________________________
6. Compare cytokinesis in animal cells to cytokinesis in plant cells.
Animal cell cytokinesis –
Plant cell cytokinesis –
7. Define centromere 8. A cell containing 44 chromatids at the start of mitosis would produce cells containing how many chromosomes? ______________
9. Identify the main events in…
Interphase PMATCytokinesis -
10. What must happen to nuclear envelope so that the spindle fibers can interact with the sister chromatids? ____________________
11. Define cell cycle - _________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Beginning with prophase, sequence the steps of the cell cycle _______________________________________________________
13. How does DNA become compact enough to fit within the nucleus of a cell? _____________________________________________
14. What parts of the cytoskeleton are involved in cell division and what role do they play? ____________________________________
15. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell? __________________________________________________________________
16. What are spindle fibers composed of? What is the function of the spindle network?
17. What phase is part of the cell cycle, but is not a phase of mitosis? __________________________________________
18. How do offspring produced through asexual reproduction compare genetically to the parent cell? ____________________________
19. Cells that have stopped dividing and are simply functioning metabolically are in what phase of the cell cycle? __________________
20. During which phases of mitosis do we find chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids attached together? __________________
21. Draw and describe the components of a nucleotide monomer.
22. What bond links two nucleotide monomers together? ____________________________________
23. Briefly describe the history leading up to the discovery of DNA
Griffith –
Hershey/Chase –
Chargaff –
Watson/Crick –
24. What are the enzymes responsible for uncoiling the DNA double helix? ___________________________________________
25. What are the enzymes that add new nucleotides to form a new strand of DNA? _____________________________________
26. What are the enzymes that attach the Okazaki fragments together? _____________________________________________
27. What are the enzymes that relieving stress on the open DNA strand as it is replicating? ________________________________
28. If a strand of DNA is G G A T C G A, what would the complementary strand be?
29. What are the four nucleotides found in DNA?
30. What is the benefit of having multiple replication forks on DNA?