Download Chapter 2_Chemistry of Life

Name: ______________________________________________
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
1. Every living thing is made of small particles called _______________. These are the smallest
basic unit of matter.
2. The center of an atom is called the nucleus
_____________ contain positively charged particles (p+).
______________ contain particles that have no charge (n0).
______________ contain negatively charged particles (e-).
3. Electrons exist around the nucleus in regions known as ________________
4. Octet Rules: Cannot have more than 8 electrons in the last energy level.
1st ____________ 2nd ____________ 3rd __________ 4th _____________
5. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called ___________
6. An _________________ is one particular type of atoms and is a substance that can’t be broken
down into simpler chemical substances by ordinary chemical means
7. Elements that make up more than 96 percent of the mass of a human body are ___________,
__________, __________, and __________
8. A _______________ is a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different
elements bonded together in a certain ratio.
9. Ions form because an atom is more stable when its outermost energy level is full
positive ions are called: ______________
example:
negative ions are called: _______________
example:
10. ______________________ form between oppositely charged ions. Example:
11. A _____________________ forms when atoms share a pair of electrons. Example:
12. Diatomic molecules:
PROPERTIES OF WATER
13. Polar substances are known as _______________; anything that mixes will with water; means
__________
14. Non-polar substances are known as ___________; anything that does not mix with water:
means __________
15. _____________ are formed between positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged
oxygen atoms.
16. Properties related to Hydrogen Bonds
a.
b.
c.
17.
: When one substance dissolves in another; it is a mixture of substances that is the
same through…homogeneous mixture
18. ___________is the substance that is present in the greater amounts and that dissolves another
substance
19. A __________ is the substance that dissolves in a solvent
20. An ______________ is a substances with a pH below 7, and is any substance that forms
hydrogen ions (H+) in water.
21. A solution is neutral if its pH equals __________
22. _________ is a substance with a pH above 7. A base is any substance that forms hydroxide ions
(OH-) in water.
23. The _________ is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is; ranging from 0 to 14
CARBON AS A SCIENCE:
24. A carbon atom has _________________ available for bonding in its outer energy level. In order
to become stable, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds that fill its outer energy level.
25. Carbon forms different types of covalent bonds:
a.
b.
c.
26. Carbon forms different structures:
a.
b.
c.
27. ___________ are single molecules; Small molecules bond together to form chains called
_________ which are large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together.
28. Four Macromolecules:
a.
b.
c.
d.
CARBOHYDRATES:
29. A ___________ is a macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and they
include sugars and starches; They can be broken down to provide usable energy for cells; its
chemical makeup is: C6H12O6
30. Three classes of carbohydrates:
a.
b.
c.
31. Monosaccharides: A one sugar unit
_______________ (C6H12O6) made by plants during photosynthesis
_______________ (C6H12O6) found in fruits
_______________ (C6H12O6) found in milk
32. Disaccharides: Double Sugars; Two Sugar Units
______________=Glucose + Fructose (Table Sugar) (found in sugarcane and sugar beets)
______________=Glucose + Glucose (Malt sugar)
______________=Glucose + Galactose (milk sugar)(breast milk)
33. Polysaccharides: Many sugar units
________________: storage from of sugar in plant
________________: storage form of sugar in animals (in liver & muscle cells)
________________: makes up plant cell walls
________________: makes up the exoskeleton of insects & arthropods; fungi cell walls
LIPIDS:
34. ______________ are large biomolecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen with small
amounts of oxygen; they are nonpolar so they do not dissolve in water; examples: triglycerides,
phospholipids, steroids, cholesterol, waxes, fats, oils, hormones, and pigments. They store the
MOST energy and are found in the cell membrane.
35. Fatty Acids are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
36. Two types of Fatty Acids:
_________________: bad fats (butter, animal fat)
_________________: good fats (corn oil, olive oil)
37. ________________ have 3 fatty acids joined to one glycerol
38. ________________ consist of a glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. This structure
make us the cell membrane
DRAW A PHOSPHOLIPID HERE!!!
PROTEINS:
39. A ___________is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sometimes sulfur.
40. The basic building blocks of proteins are called ___________________
41. Amino Acids form Covalent bonds
________________ are covalent bonds formed between amino acids.
Amino Acids linked into chains are called _______________
A __________ is one or more polypeptides
NUCLEIC ACIDS:
42. A ____________ is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.
43. ____________ which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid
44. Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers called _____________.
45. Nucleotides are arranged in three groups—
a.
b.
c
46. There are 2 types of Nucleic Acids
1.
2.
47. A _______________ is a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another
by changing the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.
48. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as ___________.
49. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as _____________
50. ______________ is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical
reaction.
51. __________________________ release more energy than they absorb.
52. __________________________ absorb more energy than they release.
53. Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
___________activation energy
___________ reaction rate
54. A chemical reaction (exergonic or endergonic) will proceed at a faster rate than normal if the
activation energy can be ___________ It decrease activation energy, and increase reaction rate
55. Most enzymes are _________
56. Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called ______________.
57. The ________________ model helps illustrate how enzymes function