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Name: ______________________________________________ Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life 1. Every living thing is made of small particles called _______________. These are the smallest basic unit of matter. 2. The center of an atom is called the nucleus _____________ contain positively charged particles (p+). ______________ contain particles that have no charge (n0). ______________ contain negatively charged particles (e-). 3. Electrons exist around the nucleus in regions known as ________________ 4. Octet Rules: Cannot have more than 8 electrons in the last energy level. 1st ____________ 2nd ____________ 3rd __________ 4th _____________ 5. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called ___________ 6. An _________________ is one particular type of atoms and is a substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances by ordinary chemical means 7. Elements that make up more than 96 percent of the mass of a human body are ___________, __________, __________, and __________ 8. A _______________ is a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different elements bonded together in a certain ratio. 9. Ions form because an atom is more stable when its outermost energy level is full positive ions are called: ______________ example: negative ions are called: _______________ example: 10. ______________________ form between oppositely charged ions. Example: 11. A _____________________ forms when atoms share a pair of electrons. Example: 12. Diatomic molecules: PROPERTIES OF WATER 13. Polar substances are known as _______________; anything that mixes will with water; means __________ 14. Non-polar substances are known as ___________; anything that does not mix with water: means __________ 15. _____________ are formed between positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atoms. 16. Properties related to Hydrogen Bonds a. b. c. 17. : When one substance dissolves in another; it is a mixture of substances that is the same through…homogeneous mixture 18. ___________is the substance that is present in the greater amounts and that dissolves another substance 19. A __________ is the substance that dissolves in a solvent 20. An ______________ is a substances with a pH below 7, and is any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water. 21. A solution is neutral if its pH equals __________ 22. _________ is a substance with a pH above 7. A base is any substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. 23. The _________ is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is; ranging from 0 to 14 CARBON AS A SCIENCE: 24. A carbon atom has _________________ available for bonding in its outer energy level. In order to become stable, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds that fill its outer energy level. 25. Carbon forms different types of covalent bonds: a. b. c. 26. Carbon forms different structures: a. b. c. 27. ___________ are single molecules; Small molecules bond together to form chains called _________ which are large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together. 28. Four Macromolecules: a. b. c. d. CARBOHYDRATES: 29. A ___________ is a macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and they include sugars and starches; They can be broken down to provide usable energy for cells; its chemical makeup is: C6H12O6 30. Three classes of carbohydrates: a. b. c. 31. Monosaccharides: A one sugar unit _______________ (C6H12O6) made by plants during photosynthesis _______________ (C6H12O6) found in fruits _______________ (C6H12O6) found in milk 32. Disaccharides: Double Sugars; Two Sugar Units ______________=Glucose + Fructose (Table Sugar) (found in sugarcane and sugar beets) ______________=Glucose + Glucose (Malt sugar) ______________=Glucose + Galactose (milk sugar)(breast milk) 33. Polysaccharides: Many sugar units ________________: storage from of sugar in plant ________________: storage form of sugar in animals (in liver & muscle cells) ________________: makes up plant cell walls ________________: makes up the exoskeleton of insects & arthropods; fungi cell walls LIPIDS: 34. ______________ are large biomolecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen with small amounts of oxygen; they are nonpolar so they do not dissolve in water; examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, cholesterol, waxes, fats, oils, hormones, and pigments. They store the MOST energy and are found in the cell membrane. 35. Fatty Acids are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids 36. Two types of Fatty Acids: _________________: bad fats (butter, animal fat) _________________: good fats (corn oil, olive oil) 37. ________________ have 3 fatty acids joined to one glycerol 38. ________________ consist of a glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. This structure make us the cell membrane DRAW A PHOSPHOLIPID HERE!!! PROTEINS: 39. A ___________is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. 40. The basic building blocks of proteins are called ___________________ 41. Amino Acids form Covalent bonds ________________ are covalent bonds formed between amino acids. Amino Acids linked into chains are called _______________ A __________ is one or more polypeptides NUCLEIC ACIDS: 42. A ____________ is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code. 43. ____________ which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid 44. Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers called _____________. 45. Nucleotides are arranged in three groups— a. b. c 46. There are 2 types of Nucleic Acids 1. 2. 47. A _______________ is a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another by changing the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. 48. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as ___________. 49. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as _____________ 50. ______________ is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction. 51. __________________________ release more energy than they absorb. 52. __________________________ absorb more energy than they release. 53. Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release. ___________activation energy ___________ reaction rate 54. A chemical reaction (exergonic or endergonic) will proceed at a faster rate than normal if the activation energy can be ___________ It decrease activation energy, and increase reaction rate 55. Most enzymes are _________ 56. Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called ______________. 57. The ________________ model helps illustrate how enzymes function