Download abNotes 1

Chapter 9 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
The chemistry of carbon compounds. (newest definition.)
-Substances which originate from living matter. (19th century)
-Decompose easily when heated.
Hydrocarbons: Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Aliphatic compounds: If the carbon atoms are in chains.
Cyclic compounds: If the carbon atoms are linked in rings.
Homologous series: A series of compounds whose structures
differ from each other by a specific unit.
Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons. Every carbon bond is a
single bond. The general formula is: CnH2n+2:
(n = number of carbon atoms in compound)
(1) Draw: CH4 methane, C2H6 ethane, C3H8 propane,
butane,
heptane,
pentane,
methane CH4
ethane C2H6
propane C3H8
butane C4H10
pentane C5H12
hexane C6H14
heptane C7H16
octane C8H18
nonane C9H20
decane C10H22
____________
di, tri, tetra
hexane,
octane.
Radicals: Side chains. Named by substituting “yl” for “ane”.
Ex: CH3+ methyl, C2H5+ ethyl.
(2) Draw: methylpropane, 3-methylhexane
, 3-ethyl-3methylhexane.
*Homework: (A1) Draw: (a) 2-methyloctane, (b) 4-ethyloctane,
(c) 2,3-dimethyloctane, (d) 4-propylnonane, (e) 2,3,4,5-tetramethylhexane
(f) 4,6-diethyl-5-propylnonane, (g) 3,3-diethylpentane.
Read Pages 320, 325, 331, 332. Answer questions 1 to 4.
Read Pages 333 to 336. Answer questions Q5, 6 and 7 Page336-337
Read Pages 337-338 Answer questions 8, 9, 10 and 11.
Isomers: Have the same molecular formula but different structures.
*Homework: (A2) Isomers Exercise: Draw and name all isomers of of C4H10
C5H12, C6H14 , C7H16 and C8H18
Cycloalkanes: Contain only single bonds and form rings.
Cyclohexane is produced from benzene and is used in
making a type of nylon.
(3) Draw: Cyclopropane,
cyclohexane,
alkanes – C – C –
alkenes – C = C –
alkynes – C = C –
aromatics
methylcyclopropane,
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane,
organic
halides
R–X
alcohols R – OH
1-propyl-3ethylcyclohexane
2-cyclopropylpropane
1,2,3-trimethylcyclohexane.
Homework (A3) Cycloalkane Exercises: Draw (a) cyclobutane,
(b) cyclopentane, (c) ethylcyclopentane, (d) propylcyclopropane,
(e) 1-ethyl-3methylcyclopentane, (f) 2-cyclobutylpentane,
(g) 1,3-dimethylcyclobutane, (h) 1,2- dimethylcyclobutane,
(i) ethylcyclopropane, (j) 1,2-dimethylcyclopentane,
(k) 1- ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane, (l) 1,2-diethylcyclopentane,
(m) 1,3 - diethylcyclopentane, (n) 2-cyclopentylbutane,
(o) 3-cyclopropylpentane, (p) 3-cyclohexylpentane .
Alkenes: Contain a double bond. (General formula CnH2n ) They are called
unsaturated hydrocarbons. The double bond is stronger. (If the compound
contains two double bonds the “ene” is replaced by “diene”.)
Ethene: A product of the refining of petroleum. It is the number one organic
chemical in industry. Used to make plastics, antifreeze, synthetic fibers and
solvents. 1,3-butadiene: Used in the production of synthetic rubber.
Name rules: Longest chain containing the double bond is the parent name.
Use a position# for where the double bond begins. Lowest # placed before
name of parent compound. (Radicals are not given # priority.)
(4) Draw: C2H4 ethene,
C3H6 propene,
2 isomers of butene,
3-ethyl-1-heptene,
cyclohexene,
1,3-butadiene,
1,3-cyclohexadiene.
Alkynes: Contain a triple bond. CnH2n-2 . Very reactive.
Named the same as alkenes except -yne ending.
(5) Draw: C2H2 ethyne,
C3H4 propyne,
2 isomers of butyne,
4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne.
Homework (A4) Alkenes and alkynes Exercises: Draw (a) 1-hexyne,
(b) 3-heptene, (c) 3-methyl-2-pentene, (d) 3-cyclopropyl-1-pentene,
(e) 1,2,3-trimethylcyclopropene, (f) 1,1-dicyclopropyl-2-methyl-1-propene,
(g) 3-propyl-1-heptene.
Answer question #17 P 347 and # 28 P 344-345. and #30 P 358