Download Nomenclature and Functional Groups

Nomenclature and Functional
Groups
Classifying organic
compounds
Hydrocarbons
• __________ - Organic compounds that
contain only carbon & hydrogen
• __________ - contain only single covalent
bonds
• __________ - contain one or more carbon
- carbon double bond
• __________ - contain one or more carboncarbon triple bond
Saturated & Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
• Saturated hydrocarbons – contain only
__________ carbon-carbon bonds
(__________ )
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons – contain
double carbon-carbon bonds
(__________) or triple carbon-carbon
(__________ ) bonds
Saturation bonding:
Multiple bonds and unsaturation
• Saturated: no more bonds can be
•
added
Unsaturated: more bonds can be
formed
 More reactive compounds
Formulas
• Alkanes = CnH2n+2
• Alkenes = CnH2n
• Alkynes = CnH2n-2
alkanes
H
H
C
C
H
H
• Only carbon and
•
hydrogen
All single bonds
H
H
Alkenes contain double bonds
alkenes
• Only carbon and
•
hydrogen
A carbon to carbon
double bond
H
H
C
H
C
H
Examples of alkynes
Isomerism
• Same number and type of atoms
• Different arrangements
• Hydrocarbons can have straight and
branched chains
Nomenclature
• Must memorize prefixes
• To name, look at the
•
•
•
formula for the
hydrocarbon
Determine if it is an
alkane, alkene, or alkyne
Use the prefix for the
number of carbons
Add ending (ane, ene,
yne)
Prefix
# of carbon
atoms
Meth-
1
Eth-
2
Prop-
3
But-
4
Pent-
5
Hex-
6
Hept-
7
Oct-
8
Non-
9
Dec-
10
Mnemonic for first four prefixes
First four prefixes
•
•
•
•
MethEthPropBut-
Monkeys
Eat
Peeled
Bananas
Numbering carbons
Draw 1-pentene
Name these
H3C
H3C
C
H
H
C
C2H4
CH3
CH3
Multiple multiple bonds
H3C
H3C
CH3
C
C
C
C
C
C
CH2
• Give 1st bond (1st point of difference) lowest #
• include di, tri, tetra, penta, etc. before ene/yne
• Comma between #s, hyphen between #-letter
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
C
CH3
HC
H
H
CH3CH2CH2CH=C=CH2
H2C
CH
C
CH2
Cyclic structures
• Cyclic structures are circular
• Have “cyclo” in name
Draw the following:
cyclobutene 1,3-cyclopentadiene cyclopropane
Name the following:
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
H
C
C
H
H
H
Naming side chains
Root is the longest possible HC chain
Must contain multiple bonds if present
Add -yl to get name of side chain
Common side chains include:
CH3- methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2- propyl
(CH3)2CHisopropyl
Br- (bromo)
Cl- (chloro)
F- (fluoro)
I- (iodo)
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
Functional groups
• Chemistry of organic compounds is
determined by functional groups
• Functional group is an atom or group of
atoms that are different from C
• Heteroatoms confer very different
properties on the substance
Functional Groups
Class
Alcohol
Functional group
R – OH
Ether
R — O — R’
Aldehyde
O
||
R—C—H
Ketone
O
||
R — C — R’
Carboxylic acid
O
||
R — C — OH
Ester
O
||
R — C — O — R’
Amine
R’
|
R — N — R’’
alcohols
• Only one oxygen
• Has an O-H group
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
O
H
Ethers
•
•
•
•
Ethers contain R1-O-R2
No -OH bonds
Not soluble in water
Anesthetics
Aldehydes / sugars
H
• Only one oxygen
• Has a C=O group
H
C
C
H
H
O
Ketones
•
•
•
•
Ketone is R1R2CO
Acetone is a common solvent
Smell found in cinnamon
Raspberries
Carboxylic acids
• Commonly found in citrus fruits and any
sour foods
• Formic acid present in ant and bee stings
Esters
• Has 2 oxygens
• One oxygen is in a
•
carbon sandwich
Ester loves to eat
her carbon
sandwich ?
H
H
O
C
C
H
H
O
C
H
H
Amines: the stench of death
• Amines contain NR1R2R3
• Rotting fish
• Decaying flesh
Alkyl halides
• are a group of chemical compounds
derived from alkanes containing one or
more halogens.