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Title: Reconstruction Today, I will learn how Reconstruction brought the nation together again. My job is to identify the plans and key players that rebuilt our nation. NOTES: The term Reconstruction refers to the period after the Civil War, beginning in 1865 and lasting until 1877. During this time, the former Confederate states were brought back into the Union, and new organizations like the Freedmen's Bureau helped former slaves. Though amendments and laws were passed to increase the civil rights and liberties of African Americans, these were virtually ignored by the southern states. Many states managed to pass laws that left African Americans segregated (separate but equal) and without a voice or power in government. For the most part, many historians believe that the attempts to improve the status of African Americans during Reconstruction failed to do any good. The Freedman’s Bureau is going to start schools for Blacks and help them with employment. Reconstruction Events: Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction Abraham Lincoln's proposed plan for Reconstruction, also known as the Ten Percent Plan, called for 10% of the voters from the 1860 election in southern states to swear an oath of loyalty to the United States. His plan would bring the southern states back to the Union quickly, but it was never passed. Shortly after the end of the Civil War, Lincoln was assassinated. His vice president, Andrew Johnson, was sworn in as the next president. Presidential Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction was the period from 1865 to 1867 that was characterized by the policies of President Andrew Johnson. Many people in the United States believed President Johnson was too lenient (easy) on the former Confederate states. In the 1866 congressional elections, the Republican Party took control of both houses of Congress in a landslide victory, an event that marked the beginning of the period known as Congressional Reconstruction. Congressional Reconstruction Known as Congressional or Radical Reconstruction, this period was characterized by the imposition of martial law on 10 southern states with the passage of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867. A major tenet (part) of Congressional Reconstruction was the (1)idea that when new policies were declared, they should actually be enforced. Many people felt this aspect was lacking in Presidential Reconstruction. Another important goal for Radical Republicans was (2)to take land away from Southern plantation owners and distribute it among the newly-freed slaves. Congress attempted to accomplish this through the Freedmen's Bureau, but President Johnson used his executive powers to return Southern land to its original owners. 04/08/2013 WELCOME BACK!!! Today, I will learn how political words described a New Nation. My job is to create a crossword puzzle using Reconstruction terms. GET LINCOLN PERMISSION SLIP SIGNED!! NEW VOCABULARY: Reconstruction Terms Carpetbagger: a derogatory term for a northerner who came to the South during the Reconstruction period. This term originated from the use of cheap suitcases covered in carpet that many travelers carried. The prevailing opinion was that these northerners were opportunists who came to the South only to make money in the areas that needed to be rebuilt, but some wanted to help the newly freed slaves. Ku Klux Klan: a group of white supremacists who wanted to keep white control of the South and did not want African Americans to vote or hold office. They threatened African Americans to keep them from voting and were responsible for a great deal of violence during the Reconstruction period. Though many Southerners approved of the Klan's actions early on, a backlash eventually occurred when the violence escalated to a level most felt to be unacceptable. At this time, Southerners started to blame the Klan for the continued presence of Northern troops throughout the South. Radical Republicans: a group of Republicans who supported punishing the Confederate states. Radical Republicans wanted to force the majority of white males in the Confederate states to take an oath to the U.S. and to exclude anyone who had served in the Confederate government or army from participating in new government. Radical Republicans also wanted to take land away from southern plantation owners and distribute it among the newly-freed slaves. Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania was one of the leaders of the Radical Republicans. Scalawag: a southern white who helped in the Reconstruction effort. Some southerners viewed scalawags as traitors to the South. Sharecropper: a person who grew crops on land owned by someone else and gave the landlord (owner of the land) a share of the crop to pay for expenses. Many of these people were freed slaves who could not afford to buy their own land. Solid South: the states of the southern U.S. that traditionally supported the Democratic Party after the Civil War. By 1876, only three southern states (Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana) were under federal occupation and Republican rule. Reconstruction Amendments Following the Civil War, the Reconstruction Amendments were adopted. The Reconstruction Amendments consist of the 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, and 15th Amendment, all of which are concerned with equal rights. 13th Amendment: Ratified in 1865, this amendment abolished slavery in the U.S. 14th Amendment: This amendment, passed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, stated that all people born in the U.S., except Native Americans, were U.S. citizens. 15th Amendment: This amendment gave African American men the right to vote and was ratified on February 3, 1870. This amendment states that no citizen of the U.S. can be denied the right to vote based on race or color. Freedmen's Bureau Congress created this bureau in 1865 to assist former slaves. The bureau established schools for African Americans and helped African Americans find employment. Black Codes Black codes were a series of laws passed by ex-Confederate states following the Civil War that restricted the rights of African Americans living in the South. These codes included segregation in public spaces and restrictions on the rights of African Americans. These included the rights to be free laborers, to own land and homes, and to testify in court. An African American traveling without a permit, owning a firearm, or being seen out on the streets after sunset could be punished by law. Civil Rights Act of 1866 This act granted African Americans citizenship and gave them the right to make contracts, sue, and own property. The citizenship rights of African Americans were also protected under the 14th Amendment. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the former Confederate states into five military districts that were then placed under the administration of a Union general and occupied by Union soldiers. Tennessee was the only southern state not included in the military districts because it had already ratified the 14th amendment and had been re-admitted to the Union in January of 1866. Other Reconstruction Acts included barring Confederate leaders from voting or holding office and making the Confederate states ratify the 14th Amendment before being readmitted to the Union. Tenure of Office Act & Johnson's Impeachment Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 to prevent President Johnson from interfering with new laws pass during Radical Reconstruction. This act restricted the president's power in removing government officials, even from the Cabinet, without the consent of the Senate. In early 1868, Johnson attempted to remove and replace Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton against the wishes of Congress and was quickly impeached by the House of Representatives. In the Senate, he was one vote short of being convicted and therefore narrowly escaped being removed from office. Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877 In the 1876 presidential election, Democrat Samuel Tilden ran against Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. Tilden won the majority of the popular vote, but a dispute arose over who won electoral votes in several states, including some states from the South. Following the election, Congress formed a committee in early 1877 to settle the dispute and eventually declared Hayes the winner. Supposedly, an unwritten and informal agreement known as the Compromise of 1877 encouraged the committee to come to its decision. Under this agreement, southern Democrats agreed to support Hayes' ascension to the presidency if the Republicans in government met certain demands. These demands included the removal of federal troops from the former Confederate states, the appointment of at least one southern Democrat to Hayes' new cabinet, legislation that would encourage industrialization in the South, and the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad. Having agreed to meet these demands, Hayes became the 19th president of the United States, and his presidency marked the official end of Reconstruction. Augusta Institute The Augusta Institute was founded in Augusta, Georgia, to educate African Americans. The school moved to Atlanta in 1879, and it was renamed Morehouse College in 1913. Other schools for African Americans that were established during this time period include Alcorn State University, Alabama State University (Lincoln Normal School), and Lincoln University (Lincoln Institute). Grandfather Clause of 1895 This clause was added to the voting laws of some southern states to keep African Americans from voting while allowing poor and illiterate whites to vote. This provision was included because many southern states required voters to pay poll taxes or pass literacy tests. With the grandfather clause, however, any man could vote as long as their ancestors had also had the right to vote as of January 1, 1867. No African Americans had been allowed to vote before this date, so they were all easily denied voting rights. In this way, poor or even illiterate whites could vote. Jim Crow Laws The Jim Crow laws established legal racial segregation in public places throughout the South and began to appear in the 1880s after Reconstruction had officially ended. These laws included many provisions, such as forcing African Americans to sit on separate areas on trains and to attend different schools than whites. Literacy tests were also set up as a pre-condition for the right to vote. Since many African Americans were not proficient in reading or writing, these tests excluded them from voting. Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson was an 1896 Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that "separate but equal" was constitutional. The Court claimed that if accommodations really were equal, then they were not in violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This court ruling was used to justify Jim Crow laws and other acts of segregation. WWW.STUDYISLAND.COM “RECONSTRUCTION.” LESSONS 1 & 2. T. HARRIS, 8TH GRADE SOCIAL STUDIES CALENDAR: APRIL 18-25 SPRING BREAK APRIL 10 NOTEBOOK CHECK APRIL 10 QUIZ MAY 7 (?) PROGRESS REPORTS MAY ???? EOG TESTING MAY 27 HOLIDAY JUNE 12 LAST DAY/EARLY RELEASE FUTURE TOPICS: JULIUS CASEAR’S ASSASSINATION VS. LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION ECONOMIC ACTIVITES ECONOMY IN NC & US CIVIS & GOVERNMENT CULTURES IN NC & US GEOGRAPHY REVIEW NOTE: STUDY NIGHTLY! DO CURRENT EVENTS! REMINDER: IT IS YOUR JOB TO GET ANY MISSED NOTES AND MAKE UP ANY MISSED QUIZZES OR TEST. AS WE GO INTO THE FINAL 9 WEEKS, LET’S END ON A POSIVITE NOTE!!