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專業英文導讀 Chapter 7 Key Terms Key Term Definition Page # Authentication Verification of the sender of a message. 211 Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is, in fact, who or what it is declared to be. Batch operating system The operating system used in early computers, 195 in which jobs were grouped before being served. Batch operating system was designed in the 1950s to control mainframe computers. Bootstrap The process in which the operating system is 194 loaded into main memory when the computer is turned on. A very small section of memory is made of ROM and holds a small program called the bootstrap program. Circular waiting A condition in an operating system in which all 207 processes and resources involved form a loop. Circular waiting implies the hold and wait condition. Therefore, these conditions are not completely independent. Deadlock A situation in which the resources needed by 206 one job to finish its task are held by other jobs. Deadlock is a common in multiprocessing systems, parallel problem computing and distributed systems, where software and hardware locks are used to handle shared resources and implement process synchronization. Demand paging A memory allocation method in which a 201 segment of a program is loaded into memory only when it is needed. I demand paging the program is divided into 1 專業英文導讀 pages, but the pages can be loaded into memory one by one, executed, and replaced by another page. Demand paging segmentation and A memory allocation method in which a page 201 or a segment of a program is loaded into memory only when it is needed. Demand paging and segmentation can be combined to further improve the efficiency of the system. Demand segmentation A memory allocation method in which a 201 segment of a program is loaded into memory only when it is needed. In demand segmentation, the program is divided into segments that match the programmer’s view. Device manger A component of an operating system that 208 controls access to the input/output devices. The device manager, or input/output manager, is responsible for access to input/output devices. Distributed system An operating system that controls resources 201 located in computers at different sites. Distributed systems are the study of the communication and coordination patterns of components found in networked computers. Frame In paging, memory is divided into equally sized 200 sections called frames. In paging, memory is divided into equally sized sections called frames. Graphical interface(GUI) user A user interface that defines icon and 197 operations on icons. Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of software applicationprogramming in the area of human-computer interaction. Hold state The state of a job that is waiting to be loaded 203 into memory. 2 專業英文導讀 A program becomes a job when selected by the operating system and brought to the hold state. Hardware abstraction A hardware abstraction layer (HAL) is 212 an abstraction layer, implemented in software, layer(HAL) between the physical hardware of a computer and the software that runs on that computer. The NetBSD operating system is widely known as having a clean hardware abstraction layer which allows it to be highly portable. Job A Program becomes a job when it is selected 202 for execution. A program is a job from the moment it is selected for execution until it has finished funning and becomes a program again. Job scheduler A scheduler that selects a job for processing 204 from a queue of jobs waiting to be moved to memory. The job scheduler moves a job from the hold state to the ready state or from the running state to the terminated state. Kernel The main part of an operating system. 210 The kernel is the heart of the UNIX system. Linux An operating system developed by Linus 211 Torvalds to make UNIX more efficient when run in an Intel microprocessor. In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finish student at the University of Helsinki at the time, developed a new operating system that is known today as Linux. Memory management The component of the operating system that 197 controls the use of main memory. One of the responsibilities of a modern computer system is memory management. Microsoft disk operating The operating system based on DOS and 211 developed by Microsoft. system In the 1980s Microsoft, under the leadership of 3 專業英文導讀 Dave Cutler, started development of a new single-user MS-DOS. Monoprogramming operating system to replace The technique that allows only one program to 197 be on memory at a time. Monoprogramming belongs to the past, but it is worth mentioning because it helps us to understand multiprogramming. Multiprogramming The technique that allows more than one 198 program to reside in memory while being processed. In multiprogramming, more than one program is in memory at the same time, and they are executed concurrently, with the CPU switching rapidly between the programs. Mutual exclusion A condition imposed by an operating system in 207 which only one process can hold a resource. In computer science, mutual exclusion refers to the requirement of ensuring that no two concurrent processes[a] are in their critical section at the same time; it is a basic requirement in concurrency control, to prevent race conditions. No preemption A condition in which the operating system 207 cannot temporarily allocate a resource. No preemption is that resources cannot be preempted. Operating system The software that controls the computing 194 environment and provides an interface to the user. An Operating system is complex, so it is difficult to give a simple universal definition. Page One of a number of equally sized sections of 200 program. Programs are also divided, into equally sized sections called pages. paging A Multiprogramming technique in which 200 4 專業英文導讀 memory is divided into equally sized sections called frames. Paging improves the efficiency of partitioning. Parallel system An operating system with multiple CPUs on 196 the same machine. The need for more speed and efficiency led to the design of parallel systems: multiple CPUs on the same machine. Partitioning A technique used in multiprogramming that 199 divides the memory into variable-length sections. The first technique used in multiprogramming is called portioning. Process A program in execution. 203 A process is a program in execution. Process scheduler An operating system mechanism that 204 dispatches the processes waiting to get access to the CPU. The process scheduler moves a process from one state to another. Program A set of instructions. 202 A program is a nonactive set of instructions stored on disk. Portability The quality factor relating to the ease with 211 which a system can be moved to other hardware environments. Design goals released by Microsoft are extensibility, portability, reliability, compatibility and performance. Process manager An operating system component that controls 197 the processes. A modern operating system has at least four duties: memory manager, process manager, device manager, and file manager. Queue A liner list in which data can only be inserted at 205 one and, called the rear, and deleted from the other end, called the front. 5 專業英文導讀 To handle multiple processes and jobs, the process manager uses queues. Ready state In process management, the state of processing 203 in which the process is waiting to get the attention of the CPU. Where there is memory space available to load the program totally partially, the job moves to the ready state. Real-time system An operating system that is expected to do a 196 tack within specific time constrains. A real-time system is expected to do a task within specific time constraint. Reliability The quality factor that addresses the confidence 211 or trust in a system’s total operation. Design goals released by Microsoft are extensibility, portability, reliability, compatibility and performance. Resource holding A condition in which a process holds a resource 207 but cannot use it until all other resources are available. Resource Holding is A process is currently holding at least one resource and requesting additional resources which are being held by other processes. Running state In process management, a state in which a 203 process is using the CPU. The process scheduler chooses the processes or jobs to be executed only at the running state. Scheduler A program to move job from one state to 204 another. Operating system scheduling is the process of controlling and prioritizing messages sent to a processor. An internal operating system program, called the scheduler, performs this task. Scheduling Allocating the resourced of an operating 196 system to different programs and deciding 6 專業英文導讀 which program should use which resource, and when. A scheduling system allows one process to use the CPU while another is waiting for I/O, thereby making full use of otherwise lost CPU cycles. A user interface in some operating systems, 197 such as UNIX. Shell In computing, a shell is a user interface for access to an operating system's services. Single-user system operating An operating system in which only one 196 program can be in memory at a time. When personal computers were introduced, there was a need for an operating system for this new type of computer. During this era, single-user operating system such as DOS was introduced. Software The application and system program necessary 193 for computer hardware to accomplish a task. Computer software is divided into two broad categories: the operating application programs. Starvation system and A problem in the operation of an operating 207 system in which processes cannot get access to the resources they need. Starvation is the opposite of deadlock. State diagram A diagram that shows the different states of a 203 process. Every state diagram starts with an initial state, which is the state where the object is created. Terminated state In process management, a state in which a 204 process has finished executing. A process may be terminated, either from the running state by completing its execution or by explicitly being killed. In either of these cases, the process moves to the terminated state. Time sharing Time-sharing is the sharing of a computing 195 7 專業英文導讀 resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking. Multiprogramming brought the idea of time sharing: resources could be shared between different jobs, with each job bring allocated a portion of time to use a resource. UNIX A popular operating system among computer 209 programmers and computer scientists. UNIX was originally developed in 1969 by Thomson and Ritchie of the Computer Science Research Group at Bell Laboratories. User interface A Program that accepts requests from users and 197 interprets them for the rest of the operating system. Each operating system has a user interface, a program that accepts requests from users and interprets them for the rest of the operating system. Utility An application program in UNIX. 210 A utility is a standard UNIX program that provides a support process for users. Virtual memory A form of memory organization that allows 202 swapping of programs between memory and magnetic storage to give the impression of a larger main memory than really exists. The operating system manages virtual address spaces and the assignment of real memory to virtual memory. Waiting state A state in which a process is waiting to receive 203 the attention of the CPU. Waiting states are a pure waste for a processor's performance. Windows Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a 211 metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a 8 專業英文導讀 certain sector of the computing industry. Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved little popularity. 非課本來源 課本內容 來源: 大多數為 wiki https://www.wikipedia.org/ 其他 http://www.webopedia.com/ http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/ 9