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Download Lect no.7 Classification of medicinal plants
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Transcript
Lect. No.7 Medicinal Plants Classification -Aromatic and medicinal plants could be classified based on several criteria: 1] Botanical Classification: -based on flower morphology, where related plants are put in ranks (Divisions (phyla), Classes, Orders, Families, Genera and species) depending on their evolutionary relationships. -Plant kingdom Non-Vascular plants e.g. Mosses Vascular plants Seedless plants e.g Ferns Seed bearing plants Angiosperms Gymnosperms (Division Anthophyta) Naked seeds e.g. Conifers Seeds inside fruits Class Liliopsida Class Magnoliopsida Monocots Dicots e.g. Corn, Wheat, Palm Herbs, shrubs,trees mostly herbs Different families e.g Liliaceae (Lily family) Different families e.g Asteraceae (Compositae) Graminae (Poaceae) Cucurbitaceae Arecacea (Palmae) Euphorbiaceae Iridaceae (Iris family) Geraniaceae Discoraceae (with glycosides) Linaceae Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Leguminosae Oleacea 1 Rutaceae Papaveraceae Cruciferae Malvaceae Rosaceae Solanaceae Umbelliferae 2] Classification based on the plant organ used in treating illness: A) Aerial vegetative (green organs) -Stems and leaves e.g. parsley -Leaves only like basil -Stems only used as digitalis -Shoots used as datura B) Reproductive organs -Flower buds are used as Eugenia caryophyllata كبش قرنفل -Whole flowers are used as Matricaria بابونجand Carthamus tinctorius safflower عصفر -Style and stigma of carpel as Crocus sativus saffron زعفران -Fruits are used as olive, Punica granatum pomegranate الرمان, cardamom ( )الهالEletteria cardamomum. -Seeds are used as Ricinus communis خروع, Helianthus عباد الشمس, Nigella dativa القزحة C) Other parts used as -Bulbs (modified stem) as Allium cepa 2 - Corms (modified stem) Crocus sativus saffronزعفران -Rhizome (modified stem) ginger ( )الزنجبيلZingiber officinale -Roots as cotton and orchids 3] Chemical classification based on active constituents plants contains as phenols, essential oils, fatty oils, glucosides, resins, gums, mucilages, tannins, steroids and alkaloids. -The active constituents are present in the storage organs of the plants, particularly in the roots and seeds and to lesser extent in leaves, bark, wood, or other parts of the plant. - The total amount of the chemical constituents present in any organ is so small. 4] Classification based on industrial uses of plants -Aromatic Plants: used in food, cosmetics and food industries. - Medicinal plants: plants that are used in medicine industry (extracts or herbal products). - Spices, condiments and Flavoring agents: plants used mainly in food and food industry and may have medicinal uses. - Insecticides: plants and their extract that can be used to fight insects.(Asphodilus bulb) -Coloring Agents: used in coloring as Hibiscus sabdariffa الكركديه -Beverages: plants used as drinks and have medicinal value as Coffea arabica coffee , Camellia sinensis Tea, Cola nitida cola, Theobroma cacao cocoa and chocolate 5] Classification based on season of cultivation and production - Winter plants: cultivated in winter, withstand cold conditions as Nigella dativa القزحةand Carum carvi الكراوية - Summer plants: cultivated at end of spring and beginning of summer, as Mentha النعناع, Salvia الميرمية -Neutral plants: cultivated at any season as حصا البان اكليل الجبلRosmarinus 3 6] Classification may be based on the therapeutic value of the plant products -Medicinal plants can be divided according to their action into, Sedative or Analgestic مسكنةDiuretic مدر للبول Astringents (قابض) شاد للجلد Expectorants مقشع للبلغم Antiseptic مطهر Antitussives مضاد للسعال Carminatives طارد للغازات Depuratives منقيات Emollients مطريات Laxatives ملين Vulneraries مضمد للجروح Antispasmodics مضادات التشنج Emmenagoguesأعشاب Nervines مسكنات لألعصابAnti-inflammatory septic Aphrodisiac محيضة and the degree to which they affect different body systems. -Herbs often have a pronounced action on a particular body system, for example, a plant that is strongly antiseptic in the digestive tract may be less so in the respiratory tract. 4