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WW2 Outline I. Versailles Treaty A. Territorial Losses: 1. Alsace Lorraine (given to France) 2. Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium) 3. Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark) 4. Hultschin (given to Denmark) 5. West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland) 6. The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations 7. The League of Nations took control of German overseas colonies 8. Germany had to return to Russia the land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. B. Military Restrictions: 1. The army was reduced to 100,000 men 2. No tanks 3. No air force 4. Only 6 capital naval ships 5. No submarines 6. West of the Rhineland and 50 km east of the Rhine River was made into a demilitarized zone. (DMZ) 7. The allies were to occupy the west bank for 15 years C. Financial Responsibility: 1. Reparations were eventually put at 6,600 million pounds 2. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate. This limited Germany’s ability to develop economically and to pay back reparations. D. The War Guilt Clause: Probably the worst part of the treaty was this clause that blamed the entire war on Germany. II. Post WWI Economic Trouble A. Hyperinflation: The best definition of hyperinflation is price increases that are so out of control as to make the concept of inflation meaningless. For example, in Germany between January 1922 and November 1923 (less than two years!) the average price level increased by a factor of about 20 billion. The German hyperinflation had its roots in the Treaty of Versailles, where the victorious allied nations imposed impossible war "reparation" payments on Germany. . Faced with financial debts beyond the economic capacity to generate the required amount of payment, the German government started printing the money to meet its obligations. As you see in this course, a major cause of inflation is printing money in large quantities, which can lead to an inflationary spiral. During the hyperinflation, German workers would be paid in three shifts during the day. For example, after working the morning shift, workers would race to spend their fresh salary, which would be worthless within another few hours. B. Unemployment: 1. 1927: Unemployment rises but reaches no dramatic levels. 2. 1929: Unemployment in Germany rises to a high level early in the year. 3. 1933: 6 million Germans were unemployed – nearly 50% of the nation’s working population. February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 1 of 19 C. Reparation Payments: 1. The economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles was crushing. Germany lost: a. 13 per cent of her territory b. 10 per cent of her population c. 15 per cent of arable land d. 75 per cent of iron e. 68 per cent of zinc ore f. 26 per cent of her coal resources g. The entire Alsatian potash and textile industries and the h. Communications system built around Alsace-Lorraine and Upper Silesia. i. Huge amounts of ships and shipping facilities and of railway rolling stock were delivered to the Allies. 2. The amount of reparations fixed in 1921 was estimated by J. M. Keynes to exceed by three times Germany's ability to pay. III. Hitler’s Early Years A. Family: 1. Parents a. Father: Alois Schickelgruber b. Mother: Klara Hitler 2. Siblings a. Two children died in childhood of diphtheria, one shortly after birth b. Edmund – 5 years younger c. Paula – 7 years younger d. A ½ brother and a ½ sister from his fathers other marriages B. Homes: 1. Born in Austrian town of Braunau 2. At 3 moved to Passau along Inn River on the German side of the border 3. At 6 moved to the farm community of Hafield, 30 miles SW of Linz. 4. Lived for some time across from a Benedictine monastery C. Talents/Careers: 1. Seriously considered priesthood as a youth. (Note: Monastery he lived near had a coat of arms with a swastika). 2. Had artistic talent but was a poor student. Did not gain entrance into prestigious art school in Vienna. 3. After parents both died, became a vagrant in Vienna. 4. Tried to avoid military service but was caught. Found too weak, unfit, and unable to bear arms. IV. Hitler’s WWI Service A. Volunteered for service due to his hatred of foreigners B. Hitler’s service years: 1. Served 4 years in the trenches 2. Rose only to the rank of lance corporal a. Was not well liked by fellow soldiers b. Displayed great bravery in action c. Probably was not promoted because men didn’t like him 3. Narrowly escaped death several times – was awarded 2 iron crosses February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 2 of 19 V. A. B. VI. A. B. C. VII. A. B. C. D. 4. In 1918was temporarily blinded by mustard gas and was hospitalized 5. While recovering, Germany surrendered, Hitler was devastated Free Corps Vigilante War Veterans who banded together to fight communists who were trying to take over Germany. Became the Brown Shirts or the “SA” = the Nazi parties army. Weimer Republic The government that was established at the end of WWI, it was a parliamentary democracy. They are blamed for signing the armistice agreement ending the war – a baseless accusation since the German generals knew the war was lost and had sought an armistice. The government also ratified The Versailles Treaty, which the Germans hated. Three parties wanted to bring down the republic: 1. Communists 2. Nationalists 3. National Socialist German Workers Party (led by Adolf Hitler) German Workers Party Initially just a small disorganized organization that Hitler joins Hitler Builds Party: 1. Advertises in anti-Semitic papers 2. Hitler’s oratorical skills are developed early 3. Hitler’s speeches bring in a lot of money to the party 4. Meetings begin to attract hundreds of eager Germans wanting to hear the young energetic Hitler speak Hitler drafts the 25 point Party Program: 1. Presented on 2/24/1920 2. All hecklers are forcibly removed with whips and rubber truncheons 3. Hitler electrifies crowd of over 2000 4. Party Program includes these items a. Revoke Versailles Treaty b. Confiscate war profits c. Expropriate land without compensation for state use d. Revoke civil rights for Jews e. Expel Jews who emigrated after WWI began 5. After program was announced the treatment of Jews became a major theme of Hitler’s orations. He used the Jews as scapegoats for: a. Inflation b. Political instability c. Unemployment d. Humiliation in the war 6. Hitler renamed the party: National Socialist German Workers Party a. Flag: Red with swastika b. Bought a local newspaper that appealed to anti-Semites that was on the verge of bankruptcy French/Belgium troops march into Germany to settle reparations dispute. Hitler uses this as an opportunity to hold massive protest rallies. February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 3 of 19 VIII. The Beer Hall Putsch A. Rally on 11/8/1923 in Munich proclaimed a revolution against the Weimar Republic. Hitler decided it was time to try to take control of the government B. 11/9/1923 – Led 2000-armed “brown shirts” in an attempt to take over the government. C. The putsch was put down by the police D. Consequences for Hitler: 1. Broken and dislocated arm 2. Arrested and imprisoned at Landsberg 3. Sentenced to five years in prison IX. Hitler in Jail A. Time Served was only 9 months B. Wrote first Volume of Mein Kampf: 1. Could only stop Jews from conquering the world by eliminating them 2. Germany could then find Lebensraum – living space 3. Germans needed the space for the superior German master race (Aryan race) C. Book struck a responsive chord among Germans who believed it was their destiny to dominate the world. It sold over 5 million copies before WWII. X. Hitler’s Rise to Power A. Hitler becomes chancellor: 1. While in jail Hitler decides to change his strategy to gain power. He will work within the system. 2. When he gets out of jail he regains total control of the Nazi party and turns it into a truly national party. 3. By 1932 the Nazi Party was the largest in the Reichstag 4. This allowed Hitler to put pressure on President Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor B. Hitler as Chancellor: 1. Hitler called for immediate fresh elections 2. The Reichstag fire was used by Hitler as an excuse to arrest all Communist Party leaders and introduce a state of martial law. 3. The results of the elections gave Hitler enough of a majority to put an end to parliamentary democracy and move closer to a dictatorship. This was called The Enabling Act C. The Night of the Long Knives: 1. The SA was not the backbone of a modern army, but they were the enforcers of the Nazi Party 2. The regular army had not given an oath of allegiance to Hitler and Hitler knew they did not hold him in high regard since he was only a corporal 3. The SA outnumbered the army and the leader of the SA Ernst Rohm openly talked about taking over the army by absorbing it. 4. Hitler agreed to purge the SA leadership if the army agreed to swear allegiance to him 5. The SA was placed under the command of the army 6. Over 77 men were shot or bludgeoned to death on the Night of the long Knives. D. Hindenburg Dies: 1. August 2, 1934 President Hindenburg died. 2. Hitler became President and added the title of Fuhrer (leader) 3. The army was forced to swear an oath of personal allegiance to him as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and head of the German state. 4. 90 per cent of German voters (38 million) gave their approval to Hitler becoming an absolute dictator. February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 4 of 19 Blank Outline I. Versailles Treaty A. Territorial Losses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. B. Military Restrictions: 1. The army 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (DMZ) 7. The allies were to occupy C. Financial Responsibility: 1. 2. D. The War Guilt Clause: II. Post WWI Economic Trouble A. Hyperinflation: February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 5 of 19 B. Unemployment: 1. 1927: 2. 1929: 3. 1933: C. Reparation Payments: 1. The economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles was crushing. Germany lost: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. 2. Hitler’s Early Years A. Family: 1. Parents a. Father: b. Mother: 2. Siblings a. b. c. d. B. Homes: 1. 2. 3. 4. C. Talents/Careers: 1. 2. 3. 4. IV. Hitler’s WWI Service A. Volunteered for service due to his hatred of foreigners B. Hitler’s service years: 1. 2. Rose only to rank of a. b. c. III. February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 6 of 19 3. 4. 5. Free Corps V. A. B. VI. Weimer Republic A. B. C. Three parties wanted to bring down the republic: 1. 2. 3. VII. German Workers Party A. B. Hitler Builds Party: 1. 2. 3. 4. C. Hitler drafts the 25 point Party Program: 1. Presented on 2. 3. 4. Party Program includes these items: a. b. c. d. e. 5. a. b. c. d. 6. Hitler renamed the party: National Socialist German Workers Party a. Flag: b. D. February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 7 of 19 VIII. The Beer Hall Putsch A. B. 11/9/1923 – C. D. Consequences for Hitler: 1. 2. 3. IX. Hitler in Jail A. B. 1. 2. 3. C. Hitler’s Rise to Power X. A. 1. 2. 3. 4. B. Hitler as Chancellor: 1. 2. 3. C. The Night of the Long Knives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. D. Hindenburg Dies: 1. 2. 3. 4. February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 8 of 19 Student Outline Questions Directions to teacher: These questions need to be cut apart, folded up and then placed in a basket for students to select from. As they select questions they may need to look to the outline to determine what the question is really asking. For example: “What territory did Germany have to give up to France?” If the student is uncertain as to what time period is being asked about, a quick look at the outline shows that it is in reference to the Versailles treaty. In other instances, the question may be clear, but the placement on the outline might require some thinking. What territory did Germany have to give up to France? What territory did Germany have to give up to Belgium? What territory did Germany have to give up to Denmark? (Takes up two lines on outline) What territory did Germany have to give up to Poland? What European territories were put under the control of the League of Nations? What territory did Germany have to give up to Russia? What happened to Germany’s overseas colonies? February 8, 2005 The treaty restricted the size of Germany’s army to how many? SCoPE SS100402 Page 9 of 19 What other restrictions were placed on Germany’s military? What was the demilitarized zone? What area were the allies What was the total supposed to occupy and amount that Germany was for how long? supposed to pay in reparations? With whom was What clause made Germany forbidden to Germans the most angry? unite and form a Why? superstate? Why? Define: Hyperinflation What were the and give an example of it unemployment statistics in Germany in the in Germany in 1927,1929 1920’s & 1933? What percent of territory What percent of their did Germany lose due to population did Germany the Treaty of Versailles? lose due to the Treaty of Versailles? February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 10 of 19 What percent of arable land did Germany lose due to the Treaty of Versailles? What percent of zinc ore did Germany lose due to the Treaty of Versailles? Who estimated the amount of Germany’s reparations? What percent of the Alsatian potash and textile industries did Germany lose due to the Treaty of Versailles? What types of industry were lost to Germany as a result of the Versailles Treaty? What was Hitler’s mother’s name? February 8, 2005 What percent of iron did Germany lose due to the Treaty of Versailles? What percent of coal resources did Germany lose due to the Treaty of Versailles? J.M. Keynes estimated Germany’s reparations were times her ability to pay What kind of system was built around AlsaceLorraine and Upper Silesia that was lost to Germany due to the Versailles Treaty? What was Hitler’s father’s name? Where was Adolf Hitler born? SCoPE SS100402 Page 11 of 19 Who were Adolf’s siblings and how old were they in relation to him? Where did Hitler move to when he was six years old? Where did Hitler move to when he was three years old? What career did Adolf seriously consider as a young boy? Adolf was talented in this area, but never gained entrance into a good school in this subject? Why? Adolf tried to avoid military service, but he was caught. He did not have to serve because he was found to be too what? What rank did Adolf reach? What happened to Adolf after both of his parents died? How many years did Hitler serve during WWI? At one point Hitler lived across the street from this religious place. How well did Adolf get What kind of soldier did along with the other men Adolf make? in the service? February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 12 of 19 Why did Hitler not receive more promotions? Where was Hitler when the war was ended? Why was he there? What kinds of awards did Hitler win? Who were the Free Corps? What did the Free Corps eventually become? What was the Weimar Republic? What two things is the Weimar Republic blamed for? What three parties wanted to bring down the republic? What was the German Workers Party? How does Hitler build the German Workers Party – there are four spaces to fill on this! When did Hitler draft the 25-point Party Program? February 8, 2005 How did he feel about the way the war ended? SCoPE SS100402 Page 13 of 19 What does the 25-point What does the 25-point Party Program say about Party Program say about the Versailles Treaty? war profits? Who marched into Germany to settle reparations disputes? What was the Nazi response? When did the Beer Hall Putsch take place and why? What was the Beer Hall Putsch? What did the people who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch actually do? Was the Beer Hall Putsch How did the Beer Hall successful? Putsch end? What were the three consequences for Hitler at the end of the Beer Hall Putsch? Of the five-year sentence for his participation in the Beer Hall Putsch how long did Hitler actually spend in prison? What did Hitler do while In Mein Kampf what does in jail? Hitler say about the Jews? February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 14 of 19 In Mein Kampf Hitler defines Lebensraum – what is it? In Mein Kampf Hitler explains why the Germans need Lebensraum – Why do they? Why do Germans like the book Mein Kampf? How many copies are sold before WWII? What big change of strategy does Hitler decide upon while he is in jail? What is the position given to Hitler by Hindenburg? Why does Hindenburg give Hitler this position? What does Hitler do with regard to the Nazi party when he gets out of jail? In 1932 – how well is the Nazi party doing? With the Nazi party doing so well Hitler is able to pressure who to do what? As soon as Hitler is Chancellor he calls for what? Before the election could be held there is a fire – where? Who is blamed and arrested for this fire? What other measures does Hitler put in place What are the results of the election? What act is put in place? February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 15 of 19 as a result of the fire? Who and what were the SA? Which was larger the army or the SA? Which had more power? What problems did Hitler have with the “regular army”? What deal did Hitler make so the army would swear allegiance to him? After the Night of Long Knives who ended up in power, the SA or the army? Who and about how many died on the Night of Long Knives? How were they killed? When did President Hindenburg die? What was Hitler’s response to Hindenburg’s death? What was the response of the German voters to Hitler making himself an absolute dictator? What was the army required to do after Hindenburg’s death? February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 16 of 19 How does the Nazi party make sure that there are no problem people in the crowd before Hitler delivers his speech on the 25 points? February 8, 2005 How well does the crowd respond to Hitler’s 25 Point Party Program speech? SCoPE SS100402 Page 17 of 19 What does the 25point Party Program say about land for state use? What does the 25point Party Program say about the Jews who emigrated after WWI began? Hitler began to use Jews as scapegoats for four things ~ they are? What does the 25-point Party Program say about civil rights for Jews? After the 25-point program was announced what changed about Hitler’s orations? What did Hitler rename the party to? What did the party flag Hitler bought a local look like? newspaper that appealed to whom? Why? February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 18 of 19 Infant Milk Factory One of the many highly publicized incidents during this war was the U.S. bombing of what Saddam Hussein announced was an infant milk factory. Did the U.S. bomb a milk factory? Our intelligence agents reported that this was a chemical warfare factory. The Iraqi government insisted it was a milk factory. To prove their point, they escorted the CNN news team to the site of this bombing. The CNN team was not allowed inside the building as it was severely damaged. However, on the outside of the bombed building, hanging on the outside wall, was a big sign (huge sign, undamaged) that said MILK FACTORY. Oddly, this sign was not written in Arabic. It was written in English! Purpose: (by Hussein): This clever piece of propaganda by Hussein was designed to encourage English speaking people to protest the war, or, at the very least, to feel guilty (and thus less likely to fight) or to blame the United States for needless acts of aggression. What else might this imply? Result: Our eyes are used to reading things in the English language. Some Americans, who watched the CNN broadcast, might overlook the fact that this sign was posted on a building in Iraq, and might react with their hearts and not their heads. Certainly, this sign might have been specially posted so that the cameras could easily identify the bombed building as a "Milk Factory" to English speaking viewers. But, because the sign was written in English, instead of Arabic, it clearly shows it was a staged effect. However it got there, this sign, this staged piece of propaganda, personalized the war via the association of babies, of innocents. Thus, for many Americans, it was an effective piece of propaganda whether you believed the infant milk factory story or not. February 8, 2005 SCoPE SS100402 Page 19 of 19