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Review Unit #16A World War I and the Interwar Years WORLD WAR I (1914-1919) MAIN Causes: Militarism: new industrial technologies encouraged nations to create and stockpile more weapons Tanks, machine guns, poison gas, grenades, etc. - Alliances: designed to achieve a balance the power – nations joined sides with other nations for protection Triple Alliance and Triple Entente Imperialism: competition over territory, especially in Africa, but even within Europe - Nationalism: competitive relationships between European powers - “Balance of Power” - Assassination: the assassination of Austria-Hungary’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian extremist sparks “the power keg of Europe” in the Balkan Peninsula the alliances take action – leads to the start of World War I Warfare: - Trench Warfare: fighting took place in the trenches along the Western Frontessentially a stalemate - Propaganda: organized information created to sway public opinion on an issue - Genocide of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire; massacre is an example of human rights violations Results: - Treaty of Versailles: harsh punishment on Germany indirectly leads to some of the causes of World War II and the rise of fascism -> Germany must accept blame for the war, lose its colonies and pay reparations (repairs) - Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points: promoted the ideal of national selfdetermination - League of Nations: created to keep peace in the world – ended up being very ineffective - New Europe: many of the old “Empires” and “Kingdoms” are broken up (including Austria – Hungary) beginning of modern national states BETWEEN THE WARS Hitler’s rise to power: Germany’s poor economic situation caused them to look for a strong political leader o Severe inflation, high unemployment, and fear of communism Hitler made promises to the people to improve economic conditions and promote nationalism: - Jobs created in the Army and in factories making military supplies-violating the Versailles Treaty - To regain pride, he worked to get Germany’s land back and re-build the military again Hitler’s Germany: Totalitarian Government – one-party system of government with total control of all parts of life (no freedom of the press) – used intimidation and terror to control people Fascism: a type of government that is totalitarian – and – very nationalistic (Mussolini in Italy too) Nazi Party – Nazi’s were the political party that Hitler controlled and who helped him control Germany - aimed to develop the Aryan race - desired expansion of German territory throughout Europe to gain resources through a policy of imperialism - used extensive propaganda to spread their ideas and control people (Hitler Youth groups) The Holocaust –Jews and other minorities-concentrated and many killed (in urban ghettos previously) - Genocide – the mass killing of a race or culture of people – human rights violation - Hitler’s plan: 1. Harass and torment the Jews – maybe they would leave on their own Kristallnacht (1938); Nuremburg Laws - anti-Semitic laws 2. Concentrate them in camps – separated them from true “Germans” 3. The “Final Solution” – extermination in mass numbers