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Unit 2 – Chapter 3 and 4 Study Guide – Test on Tuesday October 13th
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
1. List the main ideas of the cell theory.
1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
2. Describe the functions of the following organelles: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, lysosome
Nucleus – control center of cell; contains genetic information of cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum – process & distribute proteins
Mitochondria – store cells energy
Lysosome – destroy worn out and old cell parts
3. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic – 1st cells to appear on earth; don’t contain membrane-bound
structures; found in bacteria
Eukaryotic – contain membrane-bound organelles; found in plants, animals, etc.
4. List the organelles that are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells.
Chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole
5. Describe the structure of the cell membrane. What is it composed of? How many
layers does it have?
2 layers (lipid bilayer); composed of 2 layers of phospholipids, cholesterol, some
carbohydrates & proteins
6. What is the name of the model that scientists developed to describe the cell
membrane?
Fluid mosaic model
7. Define selective permeability. Why is it important to the cell?
Process in which the plasma membrane of a cell allows some molecules n2 the
cell while keeping others out
Helps cell to maintain homeostasis
8. Define osmosis. What are the three conditions that can exist in a cell solution? What
is the effect on the cell?
Movement of water from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc.
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Hypotonic – more water outside cell than inside; water moves inside; causes cell
to swell (animal cells may burst; plant cells protected by cell wall so they don’t
burst)
Hypertonic – more water inside cell than outside; water moves outside; causes
cell to shrivel or wilt
Isotonic - water equal on both sides; no effect on the cell
9. Define active and passive transport. Describe the types of cellular transport that are
in each category. Which types of transport require the assistance of transport
proteins?
Passive – movement of particles across membrane by process of diffusion (high
conc. to low conc.); no energy (ATP) used (examples osmosis, diffusion,
facilitated diffusion)
Active – movement of particles across membrane (from low conc. to high conc.);
require energy (ATP) (examples endocytosis (movement n2 cell) & exocytosis
(movement out of cell)
10. Which organelle is involved in the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis?
Vesicles
11. Define homeostasis. Which cellular structure is responsible for maintaining
homeostasis in the cell?
Homeostasis – Process of maintaining cells environment ; Cell Membrane
Chapter 4: Cells & Energy
12. What is ATP? Describe the process that occurs in order for ATP to be produced from
ADP.
Cell’s energy; Energy added & phosphate group added to ADP produces ATP;
Energy & phosphate group removed from ATP produces ADP
13. Which organic molecule provides the most energy when broken down? (see 4.1)
Lipid
14. What is chemosynthesis? Describe an organism that uses the process of
chemosynthesis.
Process of using chemical energy to create ATP; bacteria in deep ocean vents
that do not have access to sunlight
15. Which molecule is considered to be the main energy trapping molecule in plants?
Chlorophyll
16. What is the equation for photosynthesis? Cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
17. Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? Be sure to identify each step of
photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
Light-Dependent Reactions – thylakoid
Light-Independent Reactions – Stroma
18. Using Fig. 4.5 on p. 104 of the textbook, identify the molecules that enter the process
during steps 1 & 3.
Step 1 – water
Step 3 – Carbon Dioxide
19. Glycolysis is a process that must occur prior to Cellular Respiration. What occurs
during this process?
Glucose is broken down to form 2 three carbon molecules (pyruvate).
20. Where does cellular respiration occur in the cell? Be sure to identify each stage of
cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
Krebs Cycle – mitochondria matrix
Electron Transport Chain – inner membrane of mitochondria
21. What role do electrons play in the Electron Transport Chain (see Fig. 4.15 on p. 120
of the textbook)?
Provide energy to pump Hydrogen ions
22. What process allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
23. Using 4.14 on p. 119 of the textbook, identify two products of the Krebs Cycle.
ATP & Carbon dioxide
24. Why does a runner breathe hard for a few minutes after finishing a race?
Cells are making up for the loss of oxygen
25. Which end product of alcoholic fermentation is important to the baking industry?
ATP
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