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Biol 221 Worksheet
Respiratory System
I. Functions
Gas exchange is the primary function of the respiratory system, and
involves obtaining ________(O2/CO2) and eliminating _________(O2/CO2).
List four secondary functions of the respiratory system:
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________
II. Structural & Functional Organization
_________________________(Structurally/Functionally), the respiratory
system can be divided into the conducting zone and the respiratory
zone. The _______________________(respiratory/conducting) zone
conditions, cleans, and conducts the air; the
__________________________________ (respiratory/conducting) zone
conditions, cleans, and conducts the air and is the site of gas
exchange.
_________________________(Structurally/Functionally), the respiratory
system can be divided into the upper & lower respiratory tracts.
List the organs that belong to the upper respiratory tract:
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________
4. __________________________________
5. __________________________________
List three functions common to organs in the upper respiratory tract:
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________
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To which zone do upper respiratory structures belong, the
conducting zone or the respiratory zone?
List the organs that belong to the lower respiratory tract, their
functions, and to which zone they belong:
Organ
Function
Conducting Zone or
Respiratory Zone?
III. Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses
Match the functions/characteristics to the correct respiratory
structure/location. Each respiratory structure/location may have
more than one correct answer.
___________nasal cavity
___________nasal conchae bones
___________paranasal sinuses
___________nose hairs
a. filter debris from air
b. lined with mucous
membrane
c. resonance of speech
d. conditions air
e. receives tear drainage
f. contains olfactory
epithelium
g. cavities in bone empty here
h. divided by nasal septum
i. generates turbulence
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IV. Pharynx
Match the location/characteristics to the correct pharyngeal division.
Each pharyngeal division will have more than one correct answer.
_________________nasopharynx
_________________oropharynx
_________________laryngopharynx
a. passageway for air
b. passageway for air, food, &
water
c. location of palatine tonsils
d. location of pharyngeal
tonsil
e. location of lingual tonsil
f. location of tubal tonsil
g. location of opening to
Auditory tube
h. from posterior nasal
aperture to uvula
i. from level of hyoid bone to
opening of esophagus
j. from uvula to level of hyoid
bone
k. continuous with oral cavity
l. continuous with larynx
m. continuous with nasal
cavity
V. Larynx
The larynx is a passageway for _______________(air/food/water), and
extends from the ____________________(maxilla/hyoid/mandible) bone
to the ______________ (epiglottis/thyroid/cricoid) cartilage.
Which structure in the larynx prevents food or beverages from
entering the trachea?
___________________________________________________________
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VI. Trachea & Bronchial Tree
The trachea extends from the _______________________ to the
_______________________________ ____________________________.
What structures reinforce the trachea, but allow for the posteriorly
located esophagus to pass food down to the stomach?
List the fours layers of the tracheal wall from the inner lumen to the
outer surface:
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
The trachea branches inferiorly into two ______________________
(primary/secondary/tertiary) bronchi, which condition air and
conduct air to the lungs. The (primary/secondary/tertiary) bronchi
condition air & conduct to the lung lobes. The ______________________
(primary/secondary/tertiary) bronchi condition air & conduct to
different segments of the lungs.
VII. Histological Differences in Lower Respiratory Tract
As the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract branches into
smaller passageways, the following changes in histology occur.
A. Hyaline Cartilage connective tissue
Cartilage reinforces respiratory passageways preventing collapse
during __________________________ (inhalation/exhalation). A complete
ring of cartilage (cricoid cartilage) is found in the _________________
(larynx/trachea/bronchial tree). Incomplete rings of cartilage are
found in the ______________________ (larynx/trachea/bronchial tree).
The rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage in the
____________________ (larynx/trachea/bronchial tree), which become
smaller and scattered as the bronchi reach their smallest size.
Cartilage disappears completely in terminal and respiratory
____________________________.
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B. Epithelial tissue
Most inhaled particulates that aren’t filtered out by nose hairs
become trapped in ___________________ secreted onto the free surface
of the epithelium lining respiratory passageways. Cilia move the
mucous up to the ___________________. There is no ciliated epithelium
in the terminal bronchioles, so removal of inhaled particulates like
dust can’t be managed with mucous & ciliary action. Instead,
phagocytic cells called ______________________________ engulf and
remove small articulates like dust from alveoli.
C. Smooth muscle
As cartilage becomes less prominant along the respiratory tract
and eventually disappears, _________________
(smooth/skeletal/cardiac) muscle fibers generally become more
numerous and able to change the diameter of the bronchioles.
VIII. Lungs
Match the description or characteristics in the right column to the
correct respiratory structure/location in the left column. Each
respiratory structure/location may have more than one correct
answer.
___________visceral pleura
___________right lung
___________base
___________hilum
___________lung lobule
___________parietal pleura
___________left lung
___________horizontal fissure
___________apex
a. Location of cardiac notch
b. Divided into three lobes
c. Serous membrane covering
the surface of each lung
d. Superior-most region of
each lung
e. slit-like opening on medial
surface of each lung
f. divided into two lobes
g. serous membrane lining
the pleural cavities
h. region of each lung that
rests on the diaphragm
i. between upper & middle
lobes of right lung
j. smallest division of each
lung
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IX.
Respiratory Zone & Alveoli
The respiratory zone is the site of ____________ exchange, and includes
any structure in which _____________________ are found. The epithelial
tissue here is as _______________________(thin/thick) as possible to
maximize gas exchange by ___________________________. The respiratory
membrane is the structure across which respiratory gasses must
diffuse and consists of the wall of the ________________________ plus the
wall of the pulmonary _________________________ with a thin layer of
connective tissue between.
X. Ventilation
Ventilation is the mechanics of moving ___________ (air/blood) in and
out of the _______________(lungs/heart). Ventilation depends on
differences in ___________________________. According to
___________________’s Law, gas moves from an area of _______________
(low/high) pressure to an area of ______________________(low/high)
pressure.
During quiet ____________________(inspiration/expiration) the
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, pressure
_______________ (decreases/increases) as the size of the thoracic cavity
________________________ (increase/decreases), and air flows
________(in/out).
During quiet ____________________(inspiration/expiration) the
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, pressure
__________________ (decreases/increases) as the size of the thoracic
cavity ________________________ (increase/decreases), and air flows
________(in/out).
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XI. Spirometry
Match the definition to the correct volume or capacity.
____residual volume (RV)
____tidal volume (TV)
____inspiratory reserve
volume(IRV)
____vital capacity (VC)
____expiratory reserve volume
(ERV)
a. amount of air forcible
exhaled after tidal volume
b. amount that always
remains in lungs
c. amount moved in a single,
relaxed breath
d. amount forcibly taken in
after tidal volume
e. maximum amount of air
that can be moved into or
out of the lungs (TV + IRV +
ERV)
XII. Respiration
Respiration refers to _____________ exchange. ________________________
(External/Internal) respiration occurs between alveoli and
__________________ (pulmonary/systemic) capillaries, and involves the
diffusion of O2 _________ (into/out of) the blood and CO2 ___________
(into/out of) the blood.
________________________ (External/Internal) respiration occurs between
the interstitial fluid in interstitial spaces and __________________
(pulmonary/systemic) capillaries, and involves the diffusion of O2
_________ (into/out of) the blood and CO2 ___________ (into/out of) the
blood.
Most CO2 is transported as ___________________ ions after reacting with
water to form _______________________ acid. Some CO2 is carried by RBCs
bound to hemoglobin. A smaller amount of CO2 dissolves in ____________.
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XIII. Control of Ventilation
The basic rate & rhythm of breathing is set by the
_______________________________ (medulla oblongata/pons). The basic
pattern is then smoothed out by the _______________________________
(medulla oblongata/pons). _______________________(Central/Peripheral)
chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata detect changes in
the concentration of _____________(O2/CO2) and ___________________________
ions in the CSF. Other chemoreceptors called _______________________
(central/peripheral) chemoreceptors located in the aorta and carotid
arteries detect changes in the concentration of _____________(O2/CO2) in
the blood.
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