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Session 8. Poland In the European international politics In the Years 19181939. Suggested Reading: Kieniewicz, Ch. XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, p. 543-604; Rothschild, East Central Europe, Ch II, p. 26-72; Davies, God’s Playground, Ch. 19, p. 393-434; Biskupski, Ch. 6, p. 75-95; Paczkowski, Introduction, p. 1-36. League of Nations Wilson proposed that: A general federation of nations must be formed following international treaties to grant full political and territorial sovereignty. 28 April 1919 Acceptance of the Covenant of the League of Nations at Versailles 28 June 1919 Signing of the Covenant (26 articles) by the founding states (32 founding states; three did not ratify – USA, Equator, Hidjaz; Poland, Czechoslovakia among the founders; Yugoslavia in 1920) Covenant becomes an integral part of the Versailles Treaty 16 January 1920 – LN begins activity in Paris 21 November 1920 – first meeting of the General Assembly Poland and the League of Nations = problems, aspirations, expectations League of Nations was dissolved 18 April 1946 Post war bilateral and multilateral treaties aiming at securing peace and/or holding potential enemies in check – including Polish treaties. 1920/21 The Little Entente (formed against Hungary): August 1920 –Czechoslovakia-Yugoslavia; April 1921 – Czechoslovakia-Romania; June 1921 – Romania-Yugoslavia: lasts till 1938. 1921 19 February – French-Polish alliance 3 March – Polish-Romanian alliance. 18 March – Treaty of Riga between Poland-Soviet Russia; Latvia – Soviet Rusia 1922 10 April-19 May Genoa Economic Conference: among others the Russian reparations were to be discussed – Giorgiy Cziczerin represented Soviet Russia. 16 April – Treaty of Rapallo signed between Germany and Soviet Russia The Baltic Entente (against Russia) 5 June – Russian – Czechoslovak agreement of recognition and economic cooperation. December – forming of USSR 1923 January French occupation of the Ruhr 1924 Soviet Union recognized by GB, Italy, Austria, Greece, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, France. 25 January – French-Czechoslovak alliance 2 October – LN “Geneva protocol” about the peaceful solving of international conflicts (not ratified by GB) 1925 October – Conference in Locarno 1. The Treaty of Mutual Guarantee (also Rhine and Western Treaty) between France, Britain, Italy, Belgium and Germany; Germany guaranteed the inviolability of western border 2. The Treaty of Arbitration between Germany and Belgium 3. The Treaty of Arbitration between Germany and France 4. The Treaty of Arbitration between Germany and Poland 5. The Treaty of Arbitration between Germany and Czechoslovakia 1926 French-Romanian alliance The Russo-German Pact of Friendship (non-aggression) – Berlin Treaty 1927 Crisis over accepting Germany into LN 1928 August 27 – Briand-Kellog Pact (exclude war as means of solving int. Problems: initially signed by15 states: by 1939 63 states joined the initiative) 1929/30 Armies in Europe (in thousands) Austria 30; Belgium 63; Bulgaria 20; Czechoslovakia 127; Finland 28; France 544; Germany 100; Great Britain 203; Greece 67; Hungary 35; Italy 251; Poland 255; Portugal 50; Romania 152; Spain 113; Sweden 20; Yugoslavia 109. 1931 18 September – Japanese aggression on Manchuria 1932 2 February – Geneva Conference on disarmament 25 July – Russo-Polish Non-Aggression Pact 29 November – Treaty of Arbitration + Non-Aggression Pact between USSR & France Germany leaves LN Berlin gets a promise to have right to equal armament as other states 1933 Wiemar Germany comes to an end: Economic problems Parliamentary chaos Radicalization of opinion – revisionism against Versailles Role of NSDAP (National Socialists) threat due to anti-Semitism, brutality, dictatorship, totalitarianism 30 January – Hitler becomes chancellor Mein Kampf and Hitler’s program – expansion eastward; question of Austria 24 February – LN condemns Japanese invasion of Manchuria February – Hitler attacks Poland’s access to the sea in a press interview March – Mussolini proposes (under British inspiration) to form the “Four Pact” (GB, F, G, I) – fails due to Poland’s and Little Entente’s protests; on 15 July a “fraction” of the pact is signed that the four will cooperate within League of Nations (no talk of revision of Versailles; enforcing peace or colonial issues). 16 March – formal signing of Little Entente treaty in Geneva 27 March – Japan leaves LN 13 April – Ratification of German – USSR cooperation agreement 17 May – Hitler’s first speech touching international issues – revision of Versailles; peace, not war 26 May – Hitler states that he will not leave Austrians alone November – Germany leaves the League of Nations and the disarmament conference in Geneva December – East Pact –plans and preliminary talks to form East Pact with USSR 1934 26 January – Polish-German non-aggression pact signed (very negative reaction in Paris, Prague, Bucharest) 5 May – extension of Polish – USSR non-aggression pact (till end Dec. 1945) 12 September – Baltic Entente signed by Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 18 September – USSR joins LN 1935 January – French-Italian agreement in Rome touches CE and German problems January– Plebiscite in Saar region returns it to Germany March – Goering announces that Germany has air-force; Germany announces mandatory military service (500 thousand army) 14 April – On Mussolini’s invitation GB, F, I condemn Germany in Stresa (no further consequences) 2 May – mutual help treaty between France and USSR 16 May– Czechoslovak – USSR pact 1936 7 March – Militarization of the Rhineland end of Locarno 1 November – Mussolini announces the forming of Rome-Berlin axis 25 November – signing of “anti-Komintern” pact in Berlin