Download Rafiya - civil war

Part 1- Causes
I. Underlying Causes:
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tensions associated with territorial expansion
fears of a growing southern "slave power": Southerner's wanted to keep a strong presence
in congress to protect slavery
slave owners wanted very low tarriff on british goods, because they relied on British to
buy their cotton
however, manufacturers opposed to low tarriffs because their industry depended on
tarriffs
main economic conflict over tarriff between the slavery oriented South and the
manufacturing/industry based North
North also felt that slavery eliminated opportunities for traditional white family farms
Slave Power Examples:
Dred Scott - unsuccessful court case where supreme court decided that slaves were not
citizens so could not use court and even though Scott had lived in a antislavery state, he
was still a slave
Expansionism
-Kansas Nebraska Act- allowed settlers to determine status of slavery
-Wilmot Proviso- unsuccessful proposition to prevent slaver in any territory gained from
Mexico
-Mexican War- introduced new terrirotries, emphasized Slavery question
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-fugitive slave act- people who helped or allowed slaves to escape were criminals
-William Walker, Gag Rule
-People in annexed territories would benefit by becoming part of superior American culture
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Economic Differences
-growing properity of North versus poverty/failure of South
II. Political
1) Was Secession Legal?
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State sovereignty versus Federal sovereignty
Lincoln said State Secession was not the will of the people
can states formally dissolve states bond with national government- confederate states
obviously believed that states should be allowed to withdraw from Union,
Republicans/Lincoln disagreed, thought it was unconstitutional
2) Who has the authority to determine/regulate the status of slavery in the territories?
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Confederate view: people/individuals
Union view: Congress/ federal government (Since 1780, Republican unwillingness to
compromise)
3) Failure of both sides to broker on a compromise
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Crittendon compromise: proposed a constituional amendment extending 36'30 line west
and forever outlawing slavery north of it and allowing it south
4) Debate over Slavery in New territories
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Popular sovereignty- people decide
Part 2: Advantages of Union vs. Confederacy
A. Comparing the Strenghts and Advantages of the Union and Confederacy
I. Advantages of Union over confederacy
Superior Economy
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More industrialized and greater manufacturing capacity
32 to 1 firearms production
14 to 1 textiles production
15 to textiles production
2.5 to 1 railroad mileage-superior transportation and infrastructure capacity
Ability to produce ships to facilitate foreign trade
Navy- union got national navy that had been developing for 75 years while confederacy had to
start from scratch
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Access to coal 38 to 1 primary source of energy
Wheat production
Population
25 to 1
Freemen- military age(18-60) 414 to 1
Slaves in 5 accounted for 4 mill people but not seen as to fight (if they were the
institution of slavery should rethought)
Wealth 3 to 1
Had 3x as much resources to draw upon
3x as prosperous
Some power must be given to
II. Advantages of Confederacy
Economy
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24 to 1 cotton production
About 3 million slaves to exploit to produce food and material needed in execution of
war
corn advantage
foreign dependancy on cotton trade
Military Leadership
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More experienced generals-highly decorated
McClellan vs. Lee
Cautious, reluctant
daring
Fears loss to tarnish reputation
Lincoln vs. Davis
No military exp/leadership west pt grad, experience military leader and general
Defensive Warfare
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Did not have to conquer Union
Southerner's motivated by regional loyalty, many volunteers
Just had to make war too costly to reunite union
Home field advtg: knowing geographyàknew where to establish fortifications
3600 mile coastline made Union goal of naval blockade difficult
Part 3: Strategy of both Factions
I. Strategy of the Union:
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Goal of the Union according to Lincoln during the Civil War: Preserve the Union
take control of the mississippi River- this would split the confederacy into 2 parts, less
likely for one half to assist the other half and block the transportation of trooops and
supplies between halves, also it was a path into the Convederacy
Anaconda Plan: 1) Mississipi River 2) Capture Richmond 3) Naval blockade of the
Confederate Coastline, logic of the naval blockiade
Keep Confederacy from developing an alliance with a European power:
William Sweard
British reliance upon Union wheat imports
british had abolished slavery and were leaders in suppressing international slave trade,
british public opinion was hostile to slavery
british increase in cotton production in India and Egypt meant they didn't need as much
from the confederacy
II. Confederate Strategy
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Diplomatic objective: to secure foreign aid (especially from British)
Wage a strong defensive war - inflict heavy casualties on the Union and make the cost of
a Union victory to great
Take advantage of opportunities to attack the Union (offensive), for example : Antietam,
Gettysberg
Run Union naval blockade - limited naval warfare, smuggle stuff
Part 4: Primary Theaters of Battle
1) East; 1861-63 (Virginia)
First battle of Bull Run (confeds win)
7 Days battle- McClellan failed to successfully attack Richmond
Bull Run - 1861
Virginia, Confederacy won
Seven Days Battle - 1862- Richmond
six major battles over 7 days, Cofederacy won
Antietum
Union soil
Lee was trying to get victory in Union to affect Congressional elections
signified failure of Union because even though they won, the idea of the war was that the Union
would invade/defeat the South, not be preventing South from invading North
so long no union success in getting Richmond
Battle of Gettysburg- July 1863
once again Union soil (Pennsylvania)
it was Lee's last chance to inflict defeat on Union soil
last effort to secure foreign aid/ruin morale of Union
30% casualty rate - bloodiest battle of the war
General Meade
last major offensive because very costly for confederates
Union Won
2) West : 1861-63 (MIssissippi River, Louisiana, Tennessee, Missisppi)
Shiloh- 1862
Tennessee
Confederate forces launched surprise attack
5000 people died
U.S. Grant put in charge of east
Union Won
Vicksburg - 1863
siege of Vicksburg
no full out assault because too risky
no supplies or food - surrender
Union captured Mississippi River
3) At Sea- gulf of Mexico
Mostly off the confederate coastline in Atlantic Ocean
First battle of iron ships - merrimack vs. monitor, neither won
* The first two years of War, the confederacy has the upper hand
4) Other battles (didn't fall into either category)
Atlanta - 1864
severe defeat for confederacy, vital to Lincoln's reelection
March to the Sea - 1864
General Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah and destroyed everything inbetween \
Part 5: Homefront Issues
In the North/Union
*1861-63- War in the West- Trying to capture Richmond
- Union with the upper hand examples: Battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, Battle of Gettysberg
- July of 1863 was the "turning point" in the war
printed money --> inflation in the North
- raise taxes/ levey/create new ones
-selling bonds
-increased import duties
-first federal income tax
Homestead Act
Marrill Land grant Act- money for states to start colleges, federal government providing
generous land to create
Presidential Power increases- civil liberties decrease, Lincoln suspended Habeus Corpus in
border state Maryland
In the South/Confederacy
- financing of the war took place via printing currency- 9000% inflation
-raised import duties
-taxes
-recruitment of soldiers
-first conscription
-food riots and food shortages
Part 6: Lincoln and Emancipation
1) Lincolns view as his profession duty as President: SAVE THE UNION
Quote in reply to Horace Greeley's scathing editorial:
"If I could save the union and free all the slaves I would do it. I f I could save the Union and free
no slaves I would do it. If I could save the union and free some slaves and leave others in
servitude I would do it."
2) Lincoln's professional view on slavery: (as a republican)
a) Republican party would not allow the expansion of slavery and would not disrupt slavery
where it already existed primary.
3) When determining stance on emancipation he had to consider how it would impact his goal of
preserving the union:
a) Impact of emancipation on the 4 slave states that remained loyal to the union (Maryland,
Kentucky, Missouri) did not want them to secede from union- would make his primary goal of
reunification more difficult.
b) Social tensions between blacks and whites living together-- he feared there would be a black
influx to the Nàfights/riots and blacks would take jobs from whites.
Sol'n: colonization
c) Public support for the war would decrease if emancipation became part of
war
aims à desertion rate in Union army would increase. Thought colonization
would increase support for war and emancipation if blacks were removed from country.
d) Fear that his inability to enforce the EP in rebel states would make his efforts seem
worthless/ political weakness.
e) Feared he did not have constitutional authority to abolish slavery w/in a particular state à
applied powers as commanders in chief to deprive confed states of propertyà slaves/resources to
try to defeat Union à EP * all show how Lincoln is more concerned with preserving Union.
4) Off stated professional view: slavery was immoral inhumane, contradicted the ideas of the
constitution written by Founding Fathers; slavery created artificial political divisions that would
hurt the country à show down over slavery issue (house divided speech) – all slaves or no slaves.
Lincoln still racist à believed blacks were not intellectual equal to whites.
5) Emancipation Proclamation:
Provisions:
Freed all slaves in territories/states still in rebellion against the Union
Of 1/1/1863 slaves would forever be free (3 month gap because did not want it to look like Rep
party was abolishing slavery)
Slave in states loyal to union were not free
Irony: slaves that Lincoln had the ability to enforce that EP on and free remained slaves;
slaves that he could not free (those in states that did not want to obey orders of the Union) he
tried to free
As a result no slaves were freed
2nd Confiscation Act : stipulated that any slave confiscated by Union generals would forever be
free; Lincoln reluctant to enforce the act because
It would erode public support for re-election and republican party
Slaves would follow union army and would be a burden and frustrate union ability to fight
Slaves would flee to northern cities and compete with whites for jobsà decrease wages and
increases unemployment
Fear of losing border states to confederacy
Lincoln limited emancipation through his general
After issuing EP freeing the slaves became another goal of the war
Lincoln personally felt slavery was immoral inhumane, contradicted the ideas of the
constitution written by Founding Fathers; slavery created artificial political divisions that would
hurt the country à show down over slavery issue (house divided speech) – all slaves or no
slaves.
Effects of Emancipation Proclamation:
- increased morale in Union
- increased discontent in Union, desertion rate of Union army increased
-increased number of free blacks volunteering for Union Army
-Republicans lost seats in 1862 midterm elections
Part 7: Aftermath of Civil War, & Reconstruction
A. Overall Results:
slaves in confederacy freed (slaves in border states not freed until the 13th amendment)
1,030,000 casualties total produced by the war
620,000 soldier deaths
B. Reconstruction
I. 13th amendment
A. Successes
- abolished slavery and involuntary servitude = freed over 4 million slaves
B. Failures
- lack of land redistribution and compensation (even though it said they'd get 40 acres and a
mule) resulted in sharecropping system in which illiterate blacks entered faulty contracts that left
them in extreme debt and tied to the land
- extremely heavy interest and inability to seek education
- only freed in Delaware and Kentucky because already free elsewhere
- economic problems for black, 13th failed to incorporate them into society or grant any rights
II. 14th amendment
A. Successes
-Equal Protection Clause- gave blacks citizenships and all the rights that came with it
including due process and the bill of rights
-State couldn't steal a black's life liberty or pursuit of happiness if did- they had due process
-erased confederate debt
-barred confed leaders from State and Federal office
-gave blacks citizenship
-gave states taht granted black suffrage increased representation in congress
B. Failures:
- as soon as the army left, those rights ignored, blacks lost rights
-Confederate leaders managed to sneak into Congress anyway: Pardoned by Johnson
-failed to destroy old social hierarchy of the south or prevent former rebels from regaining
power
- "jury of one's peers' was always an all-white jury that would never convict white people who
infringed upon a black's rights
- threats to force innocent blacks to confess crimes
- Plessy v. Ferguson USSCT decision: separate but equal doctrine: segregation of races in
constitutional as long as facilities are equal
III. 15th amendment
A. Successes:
- gave black suffrage
- forbade states to limit suffrage based on race or religion etc
- resulted in 2 black senators and 14 black house representatives
- hundreds of blacks in state legislatures
B. Failures:
- failed because states restricted blacks from voting for other reasons
- Literacy test- must have ability to read and comprehend to vote
- Grandfather clause - this allowed illiterate whites, but not illiterate blacks, to vote, because it
said that if your grandfather had been able to vote then you could too of course black's
grandfathers were slaves
-gave rise to stuff like the Jim Crow laws that further diminished black rights
- Poll Tax- you had to pay money to vote, blacks were very poor
- gave rise to racist organizations like the Klu Klux Klan which threatened blacks with
violence and terror to intimidate them into giving up their right to vote
-corrupt new Republican govts, gave Southerners an excuse to disregard them
IV. Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1871, and 1875
A. Successes
- gave further rights to freedmen
Congress overrode presidential veto
-counteracted the black codes like Jim Crow laws
- said that all people born in U.S. were citizens
- allowed blacks to take legal action and buy and sell land, make contracts, sue, be sued, give
evidence and testimony
- allowed individuals to sue state officials in federal courts for civil rights violation
- guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race, was entitled to same treatment in public places
-since blacks could now sue for civil rights violation, it meant to protect Southern blacks from
racist groups because state officials would usually overlook violence done by KKK
-successful in destroying KKK in South Carolina
B. Failures:
- did not provide means to enforce the laws,
- failed to serve as a check on state officials like it was meant to
- The Supreme Court declared that the act of 1875 that guaranteed same treatment was
unconstitutional because Congress had no right to govern individual behavior
- rarely enforced
-excluded Indians
- Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil rights act of 1866 in which all blacks were citizens and
could sue and stuff
V. Reconstruction Acts
A. Successes:
- creation of 5 military districts in the South
- States gave voting rights to all men
B. Failures:
- even though having the military in the South meant improved conditions for black, these
advances cancelled as soon as the army left the South
VI. Freedmen's Bureau:
A. Successes:
- provided service of arranging fair contracts between blacks and sharecropper masters
- set up schools, fed hungry, gave shelter & medical care
B. Failures:
- stayed only very briefly
- ended as soon as Reconstruction ended and armies left the South
VII. Other
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blacks in office, numerous blacks elected to state and national office
segregated schools built as a solution to economic poverty and ignorance
not very effective because of poverty, lack of tax money,and corruption
Southern states subsidized railroads to improve economy, however few passengers and
corrupt use of money
money partially used to build schools and railroads- but fraudulent spending and collapse
in state credit = very high taxes
Republican control of the South initially became stable, however the attempt at
industrializing the South failed