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Part 1- Causes I. Underlying Causes: tensions associated with territorial expansion fears of a growing southern "slave power": Southerner's wanted to keep a strong presence in congress to protect slavery slave owners wanted very low tarriff on british goods, because they relied on British to buy their cotton however, manufacturers opposed to low tarriffs because their industry depended on tarriffs main economic conflict over tarriff between the slavery oriented South and the manufacturing/industry based North North also felt that slavery eliminated opportunities for traditional white family farms Slave Power Examples: Dred Scott - unsuccessful court case where supreme court decided that slaves were not citizens so could not use court and even though Scott had lived in a antislavery state, he was still a slave Expansionism -Kansas Nebraska Act- allowed settlers to determine status of slavery -Wilmot Proviso- unsuccessful proposition to prevent slaver in any territory gained from Mexico -Mexican War- introduced new terrirotries, emphasized Slavery question , -fugitive slave act- people who helped or allowed slaves to escape were criminals -William Walker, Gag Rule -People in annexed territories would benefit by becoming part of superior American culture Economic Differences -growing properity of North versus poverty/failure of South II. Political 1) Was Secession Legal? State sovereignty versus Federal sovereignty Lincoln said State Secession was not the will of the people can states formally dissolve states bond with national government- confederate states obviously believed that states should be allowed to withdraw from Union, Republicans/Lincoln disagreed, thought it was unconstitutional 2) Who has the authority to determine/regulate the status of slavery in the territories? Confederate view: people/individuals Union view: Congress/ federal government (Since 1780, Republican unwillingness to compromise) 3) Failure of both sides to broker on a compromise Crittendon compromise: proposed a constituional amendment extending 36'30 line west and forever outlawing slavery north of it and allowing it south 4) Debate over Slavery in New territories Popular sovereignty- people decide Part 2: Advantages of Union vs. Confederacy A. Comparing the Strenghts and Advantages of the Union and Confederacy I. Advantages of Union over confederacy Superior Economy More industrialized and greater manufacturing capacity 32 to 1 firearms production 14 to 1 textiles production 15 to textiles production 2.5 to 1 railroad mileage-superior transportation and infrastructure capacity Ability to produce ships to facilitate foreign trade Navy- union got national navy that had been developing for 75 years while confederacy had to start from scratch Access to coal 38 to 1 primary source of energy Wheat production Population 25 to 1 Freemen- military age(18-60) 414 to 1 Slaves in 5 accounted for 4 mill people but not seen as to fight (if they were the institution of slavery should rethought) Wealth 3 to 1 Had 3x as much resources to draw upon 3x as prosperous Some power must be given to II. Advantages of Confederacy Economy 24 to 1 cotton production About 3 million slaves to exploit to produce food and material needed in execution of war corn advantage foreign dependancy on cotton trade Military Leadership More experienced generals-highly decorated McClellan vs. Lee Cautious, reluctant daring Fears loss to tarnish reputation Lincoln vs. Davis No military exp/leadership west pt grad, experience military leader and general Defensive Warfare Did not have to conquer Union Southerner's motivated by regional loyalty, many volunteers Just had to make war too costly to reunite union Home field advtg: knowing geographyàknew where to establish fortifications 3600 mile coastline made Union goal of naval blockade difficult Part 3: Strategy of both Factions I. Strategy of the Union: Goal of the Union according to Lincoln during the Civil War: Preserve the Union take control of the mississippi River- this would split the confederacy into 2 parts, less likely for one half to assist the other half and block the transportation of trooops and supplies between halves, also it was a path into the Convederacy Anaconda Plan: 1) Mississipi River 2) Capture Richmond 3) Naval blockade of the Confederate Coastline, logic of the naval blockiade Keep Confederacy from developing an alliance with a European power: William Sweard British reliance upon Union wheat imports british had abolished slavery and were leaders in suppressing international slave trade, british public opinion was hostile to slavery british increase in cotton production in India and Egypt meant they didn't need as much from the confederacy II. Confederate Strategy Diplomatic objective: to secure foreign aid (especially from British) Wage a strong defensive war - inflict heavy casualties on the Union and make the cost of a Union victory to great Take advantage of opportunities to attack the Union (offensive), for example : Antietam, Gettysberg Run Union naval blockade - limited naval warfare, smuggle stuff Part 4: Primary Theaters of Battle 1) East; 1861-63 (Virginia) First battle of Bull Run (confeds win) 7 Days battle- McClellan failed to successfully attack Richmond Bull Run - 1861 Virginia, Confederacy won Seven Days Battle - 1862- Richmond six major battles over 7 days, Cofederacy won Antietum Union soil Lee was trying to get victory in Union to affect Congressional elections signified failure of Union because even though they won, the idea of the war was that the Union would invade/defeat the South, not be preventing South from invading North so long no union success in getting Richmond Battle of Gettysburg- July 1863 once again Union soil (Pennsylvania) it was Lee's last chance to inflict defeat on Union soil last effort to secure foreign aid/ruin morale of Union 30% casualty rate - bloodiest battle of the war General Meade last major offensive because very costly for confederates Union Won 2) West : 1861-63 (MIssissippi River, Louisiana, Tennessee, Missisppi) Shiloh- 1862 Tennessee Confederate forces launched surprise attack 5000 people died U.S. Grant put in charge of east Union Won Vicksburg - 1863 siege of Vicksburg no full out assault because too risky no supplies or food - surrender Union captured Mississippi River 3) At Sea- gulf of Mexico Mostly off the confederate coastline in Atlantic Ocean First battle of iron ships - merrimack vs. monitor, neither won * The first two years of War, the confederacy has the upper hand 4) Other battles (didn't fall into either category) Atlanta - 1864 severe defeat for confederacy, vital to Lincoln's reelection March to the Sea - 1864 General Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah and destroyed everything inbetween \ Part 5: Homefront Issues In the North/Union *1861-63- War in the West- Trying to capture Richmond - Union with the upper hand examples: Battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, Battle of Gettysberg - July of 1863 was the "turning point" in the war printed money --> inflation in the North - raise taxes/ levey/create new ones -selling bonds -increased import duties -first federal income tax Homestead Act Marrill Land grant Act- money for states to start colleges, federal government providing generous land to create Presidential Power increases- civil liberties decrease, Lincoln suspended Habeus Corpus in border state Maryland In the South/Confederacy - financing of the war took place via printing currency- 9000% inflation -raised import duties -taxes -recruitment of soldiers -first conscription -food riots and food shortages Part 6: Lincoln and Emancipation 1) Lincolns view as his profession duty as President: SAVE THE UNION Quote in reply to Horace Greeley's scathing editorial: "If I could save the union and free all the slaves I would do it. I f I could save the Union and free no slaves I would do it. If I could save the union and free some slaves and leave others in servitude I would do it." 2) Lincoln's professional view on slavery: (as a republican) a) Republican party would not allow the expansion of slavery and would not disrupt slavery where it already existed primary. 3) When determining stance on emancipation he had to consider how it would impact his goal of preserving the union: a) Impact of emancipation on the 4 slave states that remained loyal to the union (Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri) did not want them to secede from union- would make his primary goal of reunification more difficult. b) Social tensions between blacks and whites living together-- he feared there would be a black influx to the Nàfights/riots and blacks would take jobs from whites. Sol'n: colonization c) Public support for the war would decrease if emancipation became part of war aims à desertion rate in Union army would increase. Thought colonization would increase support for war and emancipation if blacks were removed from country. d) Fear that his inability to enforce the EP in rebel states would make his efforts seem worthless/ political weakness. e) Feared he did not have constitutional authority to abolish slavery w/in a particular state à applied powers as commanders in chief to deprive confed states of propertyà slaves/resources to try to defeat Union à EP * all show how Lincoln is more concerned with preserving Union. 4) Off stated professional view: slavery was immoral inhumane, contradicted the ideas of the constitution written by Founding Fathers; slavery created artificial political divisions that would hurt the country à show down over slavery issue (house divided speech) – all slaves or no slaves. Lincoln still racist à believed blacks were not intellectual equal to whites. 5) Emancipation Proclamation: Provisions: Freed all slaves in territories/states still in rebellion against the Union Of 1/1/1863 slaves would forever be free (3 month gap because did not want it to look like Rep party was abolishing slavery) Slave in states loyal to union were not free Irony: slaves that Lincoln had the ability to enforce that EP on and free remained slaves; slaves that he could not free (those in states that did not want to obey orders of the Union) he tried to free As a result no slaves were freed 2nd Confiscation Act : stipulated that any slave confiscated by Union generals would forever be free; Lincoln reluctant to enforce the act because It would erode public support for re-election and republican party Slaves would follow union army and would be a burden and frustrate union ability to fight Slaves would flee to northern cities and compete with whites for jobsà decrease wages and increases unemployment Fear of losing border states to confederacy Lincoln limited emancipation through his general After issuing EP freeing the slaves became another goal of the war Lincoln personally felt slavery was immoral inhumane, contradicted the ideas of the constitution written by Founding Fathers; slavery created artificial political divisions that would hurt the country à show down over slavery issue (house divided speech) – all slaves or no slaves. Effects of Emancipation Proclamation: - increased morale in Union - increased discontent in Union, desertion rate of Union army increased -increased number of free blacks volunteering for Union Army -Republicans lost seats in 1862 midterm elections Part 7: Aftermath of Civil War, & Reconstruction A. Overall Results: slaves in confederacy freed (slaves in border states not freed until the 13th amendment) 1,030,000 casualties total produced by the war 620,000 soldier deaths B. Reconstruction I. 13th amendment A. Successes - abolished slavery and involuntary servitude = freed over 4 million slaves B. Failures - lack of land redistribution and compensation (even though it said they'd get 40 acres and a mule) resulted in sharecropping system in which illiterate blacks entered faulty contracts that left them in extreme debt and tied to the land - extremely heavy interest and inability to seek education - only freed in Delaware and Kentucky because already free elsewhere - economic problems for black, 13th failed to incorporate them into society or grant any rights II. 14th amendment A. Successes -Equal Protection Clause- gave blacks citizenships and all the rights that came with it including due process and the bill of rights -State couldn't steal a black's life liberty or pursuit of happiness if did- they had due process -erased confederate debt -barred confed leaders from State and Federal office -gave blacks citizenship -gave states taht granted black suffrage increased representation in congress B. Failures: - as soon as the army left, those rights ignored, blacks lost rights -Confederate leaders managed to sneak into Congress anyway: Pardoned by Johnson -failed to destroy old social hierarchy of the south or prevent former rebels from regaining power - "jury of one's peers' was always an all-white jury that would never convict white people who infringed upon a black's rights - threats to force innocent blacks to confess crimes - Plessy v. Ferguson USSCT decision: separate but equal doctrine: segregation of races in constitutional as long as facilities are equal III. 15th amendment A. Successes: - gave black suffrage - forbade states to limit suffrage based on race or religion etc - resulted in 2 black senators and 14 black house representatives - hundreds of blacks in state legislatures B. Failures: - failed because states restricted blacks from voting for other reasons - Literacy test- must have ability to read and comprehend to vote - Grandfather clause - this allowed illiterate whites, but not illiterate blacks, to vote, because it said that if your grandfather had been able to vote then you could too of course black's grandfathers were slaves -gave rise to stuff like the Jim Crow laws that further diminished black rights - Poll Tax- you had to pay money to vote, blacks were very poor - gave rise to racist organizations like the Klu Klux Klan which threatened blacks with violence and terror to intimidate them into giving up their right to vote -corrupt new Republican govts, gave Southerners an excuse to disregard them IV. Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1871, and 1875 A. Successes - gave further rights to freedmen Congress overrode presidential veto -counteracted the black codes like Jim Crow laws - said that all people born in U.S. were citizens - allowed blacks to take legal action and buy and sell land, make contracts, sue, be sued, give evidence and testimony - allowed individuals to sue state officials in federal courts for civil rights violation - guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race, was entitled to same treatment in public places -since blacks could now sue for civil rights violation, it meant to protect Southern blacks from racist groups because state officials would usually overlook violence done by KKK -successful in destroying KKK in South Carolina B. Failures: - did not provide means to enforce the laws, - failed to serve as a check on state officials like it was meant to - The Supreme Court declared that the act of 1875 that guaranteed same treatment was unconstitutional because Congress had no right to govern individual behavior - rarely enforced -excluded Indians - Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil rights act of 1866 in which all blacks were citizens and could sue and stuff V. Reconstruction Acts A. Successes: - creation of 5 military districts in the South - States gave voting rights to all men B. Failures: - even though having the military in the South meant improved conditions for black, these advances cancelled as soon as the army left the South VI. Freedmen's Bureau: A. Successes: - provided service of arranging fair contracts between blacks and sharecropper masters - set up schools, fed hungry, gave shelter & medical care B. Failures: - stayed only very briefly - ended as soon as Reconstruction ended and armies left the South VII. Other blacks in office, numerous blacks elected to state and national office segregated schools built as a solution to economic poverty and ignorance not very effective because of poverty, lack of tax money,and corruption Southern states subsidized railroads to improve economy, however few passengers and corrupt use of money money partially used to build schools and railroads- but fraudulent spending and collapse in state credit = very high taxes Republican control of the South initially became stable, however the attempt at industrializing the South failed