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FLASH CARDS #1 Prevailing Wind Moderating Effect Winds that are most commonly found in an area. For example, over most of Canada, the prevailing winds are Westerlies, which blow from west to east Effect that large water bodies have on the climate over nearby land areas. Boreal& Taiga Soil Type of vegetation in the Canadian prairie provinces where higher precipitation levels cause grasses to grow longer than in drier, short-grass prairie areas. Coniferous (needle leaved) forest that stretches from east to west across Canada, south of the tundra but north of the grasslands and mixed forests. Leaching Removal of minerals from soil by water as it moves downward through the soil. Leaching occurs in wet climates. Long Grass Prairie FLASH CARDS #2 Loam Top Soil Rich, fertile earth in which decaying and decayed plant matter is mixed with clay, silt and sand. Surface layer of soil. Mixed Forest Vegetation region that contains both coniferous and deciduous trees. Capillary Action Movement of water upward through small spaces, as in soil Jet Stream West to east movement of air in the mid-latitude flowing at speeds of up to 400 km/h at an altitude of between 8000 and 15000 m. FLASH CARDS #3 Annual Precipitation Monthly average temperatures added together and divided by 12 Tundra Northernmost vegetation region, found in areas to cold for trees to grow. Bushes, grasses, mosses, and similar plants dominate Condensation Air Pressure Sod Mat Process whereby water vapor is cooled and changes from an invisible gas to liquid water. (Forms Clouds) Weight of Air Deep intertwined root system of the grass. This sod mat absorbs and stores moisture, and holds the soil in place. FLASH CARDS #2 Active Layer Upper layer of permafrost that thaws only briefly in the summertime. Rain shadow Area on the leeward side of the mountains, with little precipitation Windward Leeward Oil Seeds On the side of the mountain range that faces the prevailing wind. Side of the mountain or mountain range facing away from the prevailing winds. Seed used in the production of oils, e.g., canola or sunflower. FLASH CARDS #4 Park Land Vegetation region that is a transition zone between grassland and Boreal Forest. Polar Front Stormy boundary between cold, dry polar air and warm, moist tropical air. Calcification Process by which, in dry climates, water carrying dissolved minerals moves upward through the soil Dew Relief Precipitation Invisible water vapor in the air, that condenses on cool surfaces during clear nights when the air is calm, forming water droplets. Precipitation created when an air mass rises to cross a mountain barrier. Also called orographic precipitation.