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Your Name _______________________________Period_____ Date___________________
Ch. 5 Title Record Here _____________________________________________________________________
Central Case: Striking Gold in a Costa Rican Cloud Forest- pp. 112-113
*__________ forests have moisture that arrives from low-moving clouds that blow inland from the Sea; in
Monteverde delivering up to 157 inches annually
*why did the Golden toads at Monteverde become extinct?
EVOLUTION AS THE WELLSPRING OF EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY
*_______________ consists of the ___________ change in a population of organisms across generationsaffecting appearance, functioning, or ______________________ of organisms
*Natural selection is the process by which ??
Natural selection shapes organisms and diversity
*in 1858, Charles _______________ and Alfred Russell ___________________ EACH independently
proposed the concept of natural selection as a _________________________ for evolution and as a way to
explain the great _________________ of living things
Rewrite Table 5.1- make the table into a flow chart with images or pictures- limit the words in your diagram to
under 10
Natural selection acts on genetic variation
*Accidental changes in DNA, called _________________, can range in magnitude from the addition,
________________, or substitution of single ___________________________ to the insertion or deletion of
large sections
*__________________ reproduction generates variation- mixing or ___________________ the genetic
material- this process of _____________________produces more combinations of genes, generating variation
Find another example or create your own of Figure 5.2 – recreate, sketch and label in the space below- don’t
forget to add your titles and axes labels- and a caption written in your own words to explain the concept of the 3
types of natural selection
Evidence of natural selection is all around us
*________________selection is a process of natural selection conducted under human direction- besides dogscheck out on-line what was recently published in National Geographic about the domestication of foxes- record
3, 2, 1 notes about what you discover
3 facts (observations made by scientists on this topic)
2 processes (methods used to study this process)
1 question (something you are still unclear on or are curious about in regards to this process)
Evolution generates biological diversity
*biodiversity refers to the ____________ of all organisms in an _______, taking into account the diversity of
_______________, their _____________, their ______________________, and their communities
Fill in the Venn diagram below to compare a species to a
population. See example below.
Speciation produces new types of organisms
*the main mode of species formation is _________________ speciation, due to the ________________
separation of populations over some ______________________ distance
Find another example (see Figure 5.4) using google images – and recreate in pictures or words below
Read Table 5.2: record which 2 mechanisms you will be able to remember until May 
Populations can be separated in many ways
*What are some ways that populations can be separated?
*____________________ speciation occurs when species form populations that become _________________
isolated within the _______________ geographic area
Give an example:
Life’s diversification results from numerous speciation events
*branching diagrams, called ____________________, or phylogenetic trees, illustrate scientists’
_______________ as to how divergence took place
*these diagrams, similar to family genealogies, illustrate ____________________ among groups of organisms
Find a phylogenetic tree on-line- recreate it below- this can be for a plant or an animal species; make sure you
include each “speciation event”
Speciation and extinction together determine Earth’s biodiversity
*the number of species in existence at any one time is equal to the number added through _________________
minus the number removed by ______________________
Some species are more vulnerable to extinction than others
*what are some attributes that would make a species more vulnerable to extinction?
Earth has seen several episodes of mass extinction
*the K-T event or the _____________-Tertiary event, was moderate compared to the mass extinction at the end
of the __________________ period 250 million years ago when paleontologists estimate that _____________%
of all species on Earth may have perished
The sixth mass extinction is upon us
*What does the evidence indicate is causing this sixth mass extinction?
*Should we care about extinction? Record a yes or no – then defend your opinion.
The Science Behind the Story: The K-T Mass Extinction- pp. 122-123
*what question(s) did these scientist have?
*how did they go about answering their question (what were their methods)?
*what observations did they make?
*from their observations what hypothesis has now become widely accepted as a result of their work?
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
Ecology is studies at several levels
Fill in the missing parts of the figure below- with your own examples of each of the levels of ecological
organization (see Figure 5.10- p. 124)
Image
Levels of Ecological Organization
Term/Concepts
Biosphere
Explanation
A functional system consisting of a
community, its nonliving
environment, and the interactions
between them
Community
A group of individuals of a species
that live in a particular AREA
Organism
Habitat, niche, and specialization are important in organismal ecology
*What is your habitat?
*What is your niche?
*Organisms vary in the breadth of their niche, species with narrow breadth, and thus very specific requirements
are said to be _____________________
Give an example organism (different from that given in text):
*those with broad tolerances, able to use a wide array of habitats or resources are _________________
Give an example organism (different from that in the textbook):
*Which do you consider yourself- a specialist or generalist? And why?
POPULATION ECOLOGY
Population exhibit characteristics that help predict their dynamics
Read each subsection- and summarize in 3 bullet points the main ideas in each of these sections
Population size:
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Population density:
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Population distribution:
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Sex ratios
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Age Structure
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Birth and death rates
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Populations may grow, shrink, or remain stable
Be prepared to know and apply this- i formula
*population’s growth rate (measure as the number per __________ individuals per year): =
(Crude ______________ rate + ____________________ rate) – (Crude death rate + __________________rate)
*another word for the births within the population is _________________ and deaths are called ____________
Recreate Figure 5.14- instead of the human,
seagull and frog- find 3 other organisms
that would represent a Type I, II and III
survivorship curve. Don’t forget to label
both your X and Y axescaption and title your graph.
Unregulated populations increase by exponential growth
*although no species can maintain exponential growth indefinitely, some may grow exponentially for a time
when colonizing an _________________ environment or _________________ an unused resource (see Figure
5.15); this growth is also describe by a ____-shaped curve
Limiting factors restrain population growth
*factors like water, space, food, predators, and disease- limit a population growth- all of these taken together are
termed environmental ________________________; which stabilizes the population at its _______________
capacity; the ________________ growth curve rises sharply at first but then begins to level off as the effects of
__________________ factors become stronger
*in aquatic systems, limited factors include salinity, ___________________, temperature, dissolved ________,
fertilizers and ____________________
Carrying capacity can change
Explain how carrying capacities can change?
The influence of some factors depends on population density
Make a T-chart that compares 
and contrasts density-dependent
vs. density independent factors.
Biotic potential can reproductive strategies vary from species to species
Pretend you are playing Pictionary- and you must recreate Table 5.4 in image form- sketch your creation below.
Choose 5 traits to represent.
Changes in populations influence the composition of communities
THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Social and economic factors affect species and communities
Explain this heading and section in your own words below.
Costa Rica took steps to protect its environment
What specifically did they do?
The Science Behind The Story: Climate Change and Its Effects on Monteverde-pp. 134-135
*what question(s) did these scientist have?
*how did they go about answering their question (what were their methods)?
*what observations did they make?