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Biome Notes 2013-2014 term ecological succession definition or information normal, gradual changes that occur in the types of species that live in an area primary succession secondary succession climax community begins in a place without soil. (takes longer) starts with pioneer species such as lichens that can grow in rock new soil forms as weather and erosion break down rock; volcanoes decaying plants add organic material to new soil begins in a place that has soil and once had living organisms Example: after a fire or removal of buildings Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession stable stage of ecological diversity and balance 1 diagram or examples Biome Notes 2013-2014 biomes large areas with similar climates (temperature and precipitation) and ecosystems Types of Biomes---- http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org; http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes; http://www.mbgnet.net/index.html biome characteristics plant/animal examples (flora/fauna) Tundra cold, dry, and treeless mosses, grasses, small shrubs, lichens (arctic and (cold desert or polar) insects, ducks, geese, other birds, mice, arctic alpine) hares, reindeer, polar bears, caribou, snowy owls plants that grow low to the ground with short growing season permanently frozen soil called permafrost Arctic Tundra North America low biotic diversity Northern Alaska, energy and nutrients in the Canada, form of dead organic Greenland material Northern Europe - Scandinavia large population Northern Asia oscillations Siberia average winter temperature -34° C (-30° Alpine Tundra F) North America Alaska, Canada average summer Northern Europe temperature 3-12° C (37- Finland, 54° F) Norway, Russia, average precipitation and Sweden 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) Asia - Southern Asia (Himalayan per year Mountains), and Japan (Mt. Fuji) Africa - Mt. Kilimanjaro South America Andes Mountains 2 Biome Notes 2013-2014 Taiga cold forest with long (Coniferous winters Forest or world’s largest biome Boreal) Soil thaws in the short summer Precipitation is mostly snow, 35cm-100cm per year (12 to 33 inches) Summers -7° C to 21° C (20° to 70° F) Winters -54 to -1° C (-65 to 30° F) 3 evergreen trees cone-bearing (coniferous) grizzly bears, wolves, caribou, lynx Temperate deciduous forest four distinct seasons, with wide range of temperatures; more rain than grasslands temperatures range from below freezing in winter to 30°C (86 ºF) or more in summer Precipitation throughout the year, 75cm-150cm per year populated mostly by trees that lose their leaves in fall oak, maple, beech, walnut, hickory, chestnut, elm Temperate rain forest Tall trees with needlelike leaves Mosses, ferns, Sitka Spruce, Douglas Fir, Western Red Cedar, epiphytes, black bear, cougar, bobcat, and endangered northern spotted owl Average temperature: 9°C to 12°C (48.2 ºF to 53.6 ºF) Precipitation: 200cm400cm per year or about 100 inches per year Biome Notes 2013-2014 Tropical rain the most biologically forest diverse of all biomes warm temperatures and wet weather year-round located near the equator Average temperature: 25°C or 77° F Precipitation: 200cm600cm per year Four zones: forest floor, understory, canopy, emergents Human impact: habitats being destroyed by farmers and loggers Desert very hot; large temperature variation Plants that can store water or live with little water; roots extend great distances to reach water driest biome; supports little plant life; arid Precipitation: less than 25cm per year Soil: thin, sandy or gravelly 4 lush plant life, large variety of animals vines, lianas, rattan vine, strangler fig toucans, sloth, howler monkey, spider monkey, poison dart frog, anaconda cactus, short grasses, sagebrush kangaroo rat, reptiles, Gila monster, iguana, scorpion Biome Notes 2013-2014 Grassland Temperate or tropical (savanna, regions that get limited plains, precipitation steppes, dominated by grasses prairies) (provide food for wildlife, livestock, and humans) Temperature: temperate or tropical Precipitation: 25cm-75cm per year; have a dry season Aquatic Marine 5 Populated mostly by grasses and nonwoody plants Animals---based on location in world giraffe, zebra, African elephant, kangaroo, lion, gazelle, bison, prairie dog, ostrich, rhinoceros, wildebeest North American Prairie----prairie dog, bison (buffalo), elk, deer, rabbits, Indian grass characteristics or information Saltwater---95% of Earth’s water contains high concentration of salt or high salinity examples---oceans, bays, estuaries large variety of plants and animals Saltwater ecosystems— open oceans—divided into lighted and dark life zones a) lighted—upper 200m and home of plankton (plankton makeup the foundation of the food chain) b) dark—below 200m where animals feed on material that floats down or prey on each other coral reefs—diverse and fragile ecosystems formed from coral shells of calcium carbonate diagrams Biome Notes 2013-2014 seashores—along coastlines a) intertidal zone—covered with water at high tide and exposed to air at low tide b) drastic changes in temperature, moisture, salinity, and wave action estuaries—where a river meets and ocean (brackish); mangroves, bays, lagoons, harbors, inlets, sounds a) Rich in nutrients b) Changing mixture of salt water and freshwater c) Nurseries for many species of ocean fish Freshwater examples---streams, rivers, springs, ponds, bayous and most marshes and lakes include flowing or standing water; low or no salt large variety of plants and animals rivers and streams---flowing water a. Most nutrients washed into water from land b. The faster the flow the greater the oxygen content lakes and ponds---very little flow c. Sunlight warms and lights pond bottom supporting pant and animal life d. Deeper lakes support life along shallow shoreline or surface wetlands---regions wet all or most of the year a. Between solid land and water b. Very fertile water pollution---a problem caused by fertilizer-filled runoff and sewage 6 Biome Notes 2013-2014 Adaptations and Evolution— term definition or information adaptation ---any characteristic of an organism that helps it survive in a certain environment --- structural---body size, shape, color mimicry resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators hibernation state of moderate to complete inactivity during winter to escape food shortage or colder weather migration ---animal’s movement to a new location on a regular schedule such as when seasons change ---mating aestivation (estivation) predatorprey behaviors dormancy in response to very hot or dry conditions Safety in numbers 7 examples polar bear---fur and blubber reptiles---scales help keep water from escaping through the skin birds---beaks with shapes that help get to food or type of food they eat trees in rainforests---tolerate shade; wide flat leaves to absorb sunlight Arctic hare---fur blends with landscape based on season Ability to eat certain chemicals without being poisoned protection-- hedgehogs and sea urchins---sharp spines cacti and roses---thorns turtles and snails---shells to sting predators or spray with foul-smelling substance appearance, behavior, sound, scent Eastern King snake is harmless but its scales are colored like those of the dangerous coral snake Mimic octopus Viceroy butterfly mimics the Monarch’s wings so that birds will leave it alone. Monarch butterflies taste bad to birds. animal’s temp drops to near the temp of its surroundings breathing and heart rate slow down needed energy comes from stored body fat ground squirrels, black bears, bats, lemurs, marsupials monarch butterflies, humpback whales, American bison (buffalo) mammals and birds migrate to warm places in fall and return in spring Arctic tern travels from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back each year (approx. 35,000 km) Red Christmas Crab Worm, lungfish, garden snail Cane toad, lady beetles, desert tortoise Wolves hunt in packs Musk oxen live in herds and protect each other by forming a circle with their horns pointing out Birds stay together in flocks as they migrate Baboons form troops for both defense and cooperative living Biome Notes 2013-2014 Organism giraffe Arctic Hare monkey Habitat savanna Arctic rainforest cacti robin (bird) black bear desert forest forest 8 Organisms and Their Adaptations Adaptation Function long neck helps to reach leaves on trees for food white fur in winter provides camouflage from predators grasping tail acts as an extra hand, freeing hands and feet for other uses waxy skin reduces water loss from evaporation migration adapts to seasonal changes hibernation adapts to seasonal changes Natural Selection---term definition or information Charles visited Galapagos Darwin Islands studied diversity of living things Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection natural selection organisms that are better adapted to an environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms that are not over time several factors can act together to result in a new species adapted organisms are selected naturally to survive and increase in number diagram or example Biome Notes 2013-2014 variations differences in traits among members of a species good for the overall success of a species useful traits are likely to live longer likely to have more offspring and pass on their helpful traits Through natural selection, variations can lead to the formation of new species from existing species. geographic When a part of a isolation population of the same species become separated by a physical barrier (body of water, mountains, etc.) and divide into two different species. extinction the permanent dying out of an entire species of organisms Sometimes, when conditions change, a species does not change. 9 Biome Notes 2013-2014 10