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The Nervous System Four Primary Functions 1. ____________________ the world a. Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ information 4. __________________________ Enables us to communicate with and react to the environment and perform our life activities Has two main divisions Central Nervous System ( ___________) Peripheral Nervous System ( __________) Parts of the Nervous System ________________________ o ______________ Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem and Pons Lobes (4) o __________________ “information superhighway” ________________ o ______________ ________________ Fight or Flight ________________ Relaxation o ____________________ ________________________________ _________________ Central Nervous System: Has two main divisions ________________: main control center ________________: connects and relays nerve impulses to and from the brain. The Brain: o __________________________ Smaller Part of the Brain, towards the back FUNCTIONS: o __________________________ Large Front part of the Brain FUNCTIONS: __________________ and _________________ to sensory signals o __________________________ Includes the Medulla Oblongata o Pons o __________________________ Controls: o __________________________ Stores: Neurons: The functional unit of the nervous system is the ____________________, the________________ o They send electrochemical messages around the body ___________________ provide support and protection for neurons The gap from the _______________________of the _______________ to the ___________________ of the next neuron is known as a _________________________ Peripheral Nervous System: _______________________ Controls _________________________ within the body _____________________ _____________________ _________________________ _____________________________: conduct nerve impulses ___________________ the central nervous system _____________________________: conduct impulses ____________________ from the central nervous system ____________________ Reflexes are automatic- What happens when you step on a nail??? The Stimulus (nail ) is received by the ____________________ in the foot This info travels to the ___________________, where the interneuron is triggered The interneuron stimulated the _____________________, to move the foot Nerve Impulse: A progressive _________________________________________ and ___________________ activity along a _________________________ that ______________________ or __________ the action of a ______________________, ________________, or other ______________________________ *This is how the information moves from sensory neurons to interneuron to motor neurons Endocrine System The body’s slower, __________________________________________ What does the Endocrine System Do? Uses chemical signals for ________________________communication – this is why it is slower than the nervous system Coordinates the_________________________________– e.g. cells in the _______________need to know when cells in the _______________________________. Responds to information from the _________________to keep body ___________________balanced_________________________________ What do these glands influence? Hypothalamus: The ________________________that is located in the ______________ Pituitary Gland:2nd master gland – that reacts to the ________________affects ___________growth and controls ____________________________. Thyroid gland: can increase _________________________and ______________use by cells and also regulates ______________________________________ Pancreas:_______________________________________________ Pineal --secretes ________________________Helps to regulate daily biological rhythms and _________________________. Ovary – secretes ________________sex hormones such as _______________ Testes – secrete ____________sex hormone such as ____________________ o Aka: __________________ Adrenal Gland - secrete ____________________________(aka: Adrenaline ) which help to arouse the body in times of stress (______________________) How are the brain and hormones connected? Negative feedback loop (like a thermostat) Glands Brain Summarize how a general feedback works: Cardiopulmonary System and Blood and Nutrients Body How does the Oxygen get to the blood? Gas Exchange in the Lungs! Breathing rate is controlled by ___________________ Alveoli (air sacs) surrounded by ___________________ o Oxygen enters blood by ______________ o Carbon dioxide leaves blood by ________________ Diaphragm controls breathing diaphragm _________________& moves _________ during ________________(air in) diaphragm _________________ & moves ________ during ________________(air out) Is blood ever blue? __________ If the circulatory system is like a network of freeways, the heart is like the major city. The Roads! Veins___________________________________________________ (Highway going towards a major city) Arteries___________________________________________________ (Highway going away from a major city) ______________________________________________________________ Freeways become highways, become two laned roads) Capillaries:_____________________________________________________ (Surface streets and driveways) Four Major Functions: 1. _____________________________________________ 2. __________________________(Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen) 3. __________________________(Endocrine) 4. ______________________________________________ Journey of the Blood: 1. 2. 3. 4. Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are the leading cause of death in the U.S. Arthrosclerosis Heart AttackTHE HEART AND VASCULAR SYSTEM TRANSPORT BLOOD AROUND THE BODY Blood: Composed of Fluid portion of the blood that cells are dissolved in is called ______________. (Mailman delivering mail) Plasma: Makes up _______________ of the blood volume o Job: transports _____________________________________________ Contains: o Glucose, food particles, vitamins, minerals, proteins, electrolyte (_______________________) o Hormones (___________________________________) (salt, etc.) Red Blood Cells (____________) AKA: _______________________________ Function: _____________________________________ Biconcave, __________________ o There are ____________ RBC’s per cubic millimeter in men and _______________ in women Live for 120 Days and are then destroyed by the ________________ (old bus junkyard). (A bus picking up and dropping off passengers, travels along the freeways and highways) Hemoglobin and RBC’s Function of Hemoglobin: ________________________________________ (seats on the bus) Oxygen binds to the _______________________ to hold it to the red blood cell **Oxygen and carbon dioxide are passengers in the seats depending on the side of town (body)! White Blood Cells : made up of ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____ (Police: always ready to fight) Platelets: very ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _______ (Cal Trans: always making repairs) 300,000 per cubic millimeter White blood cells and platelets make up ________________ of blood volume Immune System ”The Triple Threat” DIRECT CONTACT Shaking hands INDIRECT CONTACT Coughing and sneezing Water and food Non-specific Defenses Clearance _____________ and ________________. ______________ Mucous membranes Cellular defenses Skin and epithelium ___________________ SPECIFIC DEFENSES ___________________ Anti-body mediated _________________ 1st Line of Defense 2nd Line of Defense 3rd Line of Defense Skin _______________ ____________________ ______________________ Chemical Signals ____________________ Mucous Membranes Pathogens Something that causes an __________________________________. Any ________________________ that ___________ the body is called an ____________________ What’s a LYMPH? Lymphatic system _____________&___________ White Blood Cell’s (WBC) WBC’s are made in red _________________. __________________ are areas of tissue that store WBC’s WBC’s are also called ________________ ____ Types, vary based on ___________ 1st Line of Defense First defense against invasion by pathogens is the ____________ Oil and Sweat make the skin’s surface very _________, slowing the_________ of many _______________. All body openings are lined with ____________. Creates a sticky _____________________ that pathogens get _______________. 2nd Line of Defense (The Inflammatory Response) __________________ infection and ______________ healing When there is ________ or ________ cells release __________________________________________. Starts a chain reaction of 4 steps 2nd Line of Defense (The Temperature Response) When _____________ attack, they send messages to the ___________ to increase the ______________ (___________) _____________ move faster at higher temperatures ______________ do not grow well at high temperatures 3rd Line of Defense(Humoral and Cell Mediated) Lymphocytes (White Blood Cell) fight against _____________. _____________ Cells recognize the ____________ alert the body to produce ________________________. B Cells make ________________ that bind to the _________________ __________________ Search for _____________ and seek and __________. ________________ identify pathogens, ____ them and then _________ their _______________ Macrophages can eat _____________of cells at a time Flow Chart of Response Analogy:_____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Acquired Immunity Body’s resistance to ____________ pathogens Immune response is ___________ because your body has ________________ that remember how to fight off the pathogen Allergies The body reacts to a ____________ substance as if it were a ____________. Allergies get worse because the body produces _____________ and then fights even _____________ the second time around! Macrophages release _____________________, which causes __________________ Treat with ____________________________ Autoimmune Disease The body doesn’t ____________________ and produces ___________ against its own cells and tissues ____________ _________ Multiple Sclerosis Juvenile Diabetes Treat many of these with drugs to __________________ immune system But this makes them _____________________________________. Immune Diseases HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) Attacks _____________________. Number of ________________ becomes so low the body can’t fight disease Less than _______________________ and a person has ________. Person dies because the body can’t destroy the_________________ Immunization ____________ the body to the ____________ in a way that doesn't make a person ____________ Allows the body to produce ___________________ that will then protect that person from future attack by the _______________ that causes particular disease. EX: __________________ Antigen-Antibody Interaction Agglutinin: __________________________________________________________________________ Agglutinogens: ___________________________________ “A” blood types have “_____” agglutinins (_____________). ___________________________________________________________ Blood Type Type A (IAIA, IAi) Type B (IBIB or IBi Type AB (IAIB Red Blood Cell Antigen Plasma Antibodies PATHOGENS Viruses: Means: ___________________ Cause disease in animals, plants, & bacteria Nonliving (__________________________) All viruses have at least 2 parts: ______________________ and ______________________________ How Viruses Work: Need a host cell to _______________________ Replicate immediately or after a long time Infect the cell using a _____________________________ Draw one Type O (ii) Treatment for Viruses: Most can’t be cured Antiviral drugs ___________________________, but don’t kill the virus (like cold sore med’s) Antibiotics _______________________________________________________________ Vaccinations: ____________________ are made from ______________________________ Cause your immune system to make _______________________ that can kill the _________ if ____________________________ Vaccines can stop some viruses like flu, chicken pox, measles How do antibodies help destroy Pathogens? Three ways: ______________________________ _______________________________________ Cause them to ____________________________________ so a phagocyte can eat them. Bacteria: Bacteria are called “______________________” Some cause ______________________ & some are _________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________(like plants) Reproduce _____________________ Don’t need a host to reproduce Many can survive in harsh conditions by forming __________________________(thick wall) Antibiotics Interfere with the bacteria’s life processes, ____________________________. ___________________________________________________. Antibiotic Resistance If you don’t take it, for all 10 days, ________________________________________ Bacteria are able to ________________________________ Linked to: ____________________________________________ _____________________________________ 1 million ton/ 50 years prescribed Decomposers Help ____________________________________ Can be used by humans to make products (__________________________________)