Download Human Body Systems - Liberty Union High School District

The Nervous System
Four Primary Functions
1. ____________________ the world
a. Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch
2. __________________________
3. __________________________ information
4. __________________________
 Enables us to communicate with and react to the environment and perform our life activities
 Has two main divisions
 Central Nervous System ( ___________)
 Peripheral Nervous System ( __________)
Parts of the Nervous System
 ________________________
o ______________
 Cerebrum
 Cerebellum
 Brain Stem and Pons
 Lobes (4)
o __________________
 “information superhighway”
 ________________
o ______________
 ________________
 Fight or Flight
 ________________
 Relaxation
o ____________________
 ________________________________
 _________________
Central Nervous System:
 Has two main divisions
 ________________: main control center
 ________________: connects and relays nerve impulses to and from the brain.
The Brain:
o __________________________
 Smaller Part of the Brain, towards the
back
 FUNCTIONS:


o __________________________
 Large Front part of the Brain
 FUNCTIONS:



 __________________ and _________________ to sensory signals

o __________________________

 Includes the Medulla Oblongata

o Pons



o __________________________
 Controls:

o __________________________
 Stores:
Neurons:
 The functional unit of the nervous system is the
____________________, the________________
o They send electrochemical messages around the body
 ___________________ provide support and protection for
neurons

The gap from the _______________________of the
_______________ to the ___________________ of the next neuron is known as a
_________________________
Peripheral Nervous System:
 _______________________
 Controls _________________________ within the body
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _________________________
 _____________________________: conduct nerve impulses
___________________ the central nervous system
 _____________________________: conduct impulses
____________________ from the central nervous system
 ____________________
 Reflexes are automatic- What happens when you step on a nail???
 The Stimulus (nail ) is received by the ____________________ in the foot
 This info travels to the ___________________, where the interneuron is triggered
 The interneuron stimulated the _____________________, to move the foot
Nerve Impulse:
 A progressive _________________________________________ and ___________________ activity
along a _________________________ that ______________________ or __________ the action of a
______________________, ________________, or other ______________________________
*This is how the information moves from sensory neurons to interneuron to motor neurons
Endocrine System
The body’s slower, __________________________________________



What does the Endocrine System Do?
Uses chemical signals for ________________________communication – this is why it is slower than the nervous
system
Coordinates the_________________________________– e.g. cells in the _______________need to know when
cells in the _______________________________.
Responds to information from the _________________to keep body
___________________balanced_________________________________
What do these glands influence?
 Hypothalamus: The ________________________that is located in the
______________
 Pituitary Gland:2nd master gland – that reacts to the ________________affects
___________growth and controls ____________________________.
 Thyroid gland: can increase _________________________and
______________use by cells and also regulates
______________________________________
 Pancreas:_______________________________________________


Pineal --secretes ________________________Helps to regulate daily biological rhythms and
_________________________.
Ovary – secretes ________________sex hormones such as _______________

Testes – secrete ____________sex hormone such as ____________________
o Aka: __________________

Adrenal Gland - secrete ____________________________(aka: Adrenaline ) which help to arouse the body in
times of stress (______________________)
How are the brain and hormones connected?
 Negative feedback loop (like a thermostat)
Glands
Brain
Summarize how a general feedback works:
Cardiopulmonary System and Blood and Nutrients
Body
How does the Oxygen get to the blood?
Gas Exchange in the Lungs!


Breathing rate is controlled by ___________________
Alveoli (air sacs) surrounded by ___________________
o Oxygen enters blood by ______________
o Carbon dioxide leaves blood by
________________
Diaphragm controls breathing
 diaphragm _________________& moves _________ during ________________(air in)
 diaphragm _________________ & moves ________ during ________________(air out)
Is blood ever blue? __________
If the circulatory system is like a network of freeways, the heart is like the major city.
The Roads!
 Veins___________________________________________________
(Highway going towards a major city)
 Arteries___________________________________________________
(Highway going away from a major city)
 ______________________________________________________________
Freeways become highways, become two laned roads)
 Capillaries:_____________________________________________________
(Surface streets and driveways)
Four Major Functions:
1. _____________________________________________
2. __________________________(Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen)
3. __________________________(Endocrine)
4. ______________________________________________
Journey of the Blood:
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are the leading cause of death in the U.S.
 Arthrosclerosis Heart AttackTHE HEART AND VASCULAR SYSTEM TRANSPORT BLOOD AROUND THE BODY
Blood:

 Composed of
 Fluid portion of the blood that cells are dissolved in is called ______________.
(Mailman delivering mail)
Plasma:
 Makes up _______________ of the blood volume
o
 Job: transports _____________________________________________

Contains:
o Glucose, food particles, vitamins, minerals, proteins, electrolyte
(_______________________)
o Hormones (___________________________________)
(salt, etc.)
Red Blood Cells (____________)
 AKA: _______________________________
 Function: _____________________________________
 Biconcave, __________________
o There are ____________ RBC’s per cubic millimeter in men and _______________ in women
 Live for 120 Days and are then destroyed by the ________________ (old bus junkyard).
(A bus picking up and dropping off passengers, travels along the freeways
and
highways)
 Hemoglobin and RBC’s
 Function of Hemoglobin:
________________________________________
(seats on the bus)
 Oxygen binds to the _______________________ to hold it to the
red blood cell
**Oxygen and carbon dioxide are passengers in the seats depending on the
side of
town
(body)!
 White Blood Cells : made up of
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____
(Police: always ready to fight)
 Platelets: very
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______
(Cal Trans: always making repairs)
 300,000 per cubic millimeter
 White blood cells and platelets make up ________________ of blood
volume
Immune System ”The Triple Threat”
DIRECT CONTACT
Shaking hands
INDIRECT CONTACT
Coughing and sneezing
Water and food
Non-specific Defenses
 Clearance
 _____________ and ________________.
 ______________
 Mucous membranes
 Cellular defenses
 Skin and epithelium
 ___________________
SPECIFIC DEFENSES
 ___________________
Anti-body mediated
 _________________
1st Line of Defense
2nd Line of Defense
3rd Line of Defense
 Skin
 _______________
 ____________________
 ______________________
 Chemical Signals
 ____________________
 Mucous Membranes
Pathogens
 Something that causes an __________________________________.
 Any ________________________ that ___________ the body is called an ____________________
What’s a LYMPH?
 Lymphatic system _____________&___________ White Blood Cell’s (WBC)
 WBC’s are made in red _________________.
 __________________ are areas of tissue that store WBC’s
 WBC’s are also called ________________
 ____ Types, vary based on ___________
1st Line of Defense
 First defense against invasion by pathogens is the ____________
 Oil and Sweat make the skin’s surface very _________, slowing the_________ of many _______________.


All body openings are lined with ____________.
Creates a sticky _____________________ that pathogens get _______________.
2nd Line of Defense (The Inflammatory Response)
 __________________ infection and ______________ healing
 When there is ________ or ________ cells release __________________________________________.
Starts a chain reaction of 4 steps
2nd Line of Defense (The Temperature Response)
 When _____________ attack, they send messages to the ___________ to increase the ______________
(___________)
 _____________ move faster at higher temperatures
 ______________ do not grow well at high temperatures
3rd Line of Defense(Humoral and Cell Mediated)
 Lymphocytes (White Blood Cell) fight against _____________.
 _____________ Cells recognize the ____________ alert the body to produce
________________________.
 B Cells make ________________ that bind to the _________________
 __________________ Search for _____________ and seek and __________.
 ________________ identify pathogens, ____ them and then _________ their _______________
 Macrophages can eat _____________of cells at a time
Flow Chart of Response
Analogy:_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Acquired Immunity
 Body’s resistance to ____________ pathogens
 Immune response is ___________ because your body has ________________ that remember how to fight off
the pathogen
Allergies
 The body reacts to a ____________ substance as if it were a ____________.
 Allergies get worse because the body produces _____________ and then fights even _____________ the
second time around!
Macrophages release _____________________, which causes __________________
Treat with ____________________________
Autoimmune Disease
 The body doesn’t ____________________ and produces ___________ against its own cells and tissues
 ____________
 _________
 Multiple Sclerosis
 Juvenile Diabetes
 Treat many of these with drugs to __________________ immune system
 But this makes them _____________________________________.
Immune Diseases
 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
 Attacks _____________________.
 Number of ________________ becomes so low the body can’t fight disease
 Less than _______________________ and a person has ________.
 Person dies because the body can’t destroy the_________________
Immunization
 ____________ the body to the ____________ in a way that doesn't make a person ____________
 Allows the body to produce ___________________ that will then protect that person from future attack by the
_______________ that causes particular disease.
EX: __________________
Antigen-Antibody Interaction
 Agglutinin: __________________________________________________________________________
 Agglutinogens: ___________________________________
 “A” blood types have “_____” agglutinins (_____________).
 ___________________________________________________________
Blood Type
Type A
(IAIA, IAi)
Type B
(IBIB or IBi
Type AB
(IAIB
Red Blood Cell
Antigen
Plasma Antibodies
PATHOGENS
Viruses:
Means: ___________________
Cause disease in animals, plants, & bacteria
Nonliving (__________________________)
All viruses have at least 2 parts:
______________________ and ______________________________
How Viruses Work:
Need a host cell to _______________________
Replicate immediately or after a long time
Infect the cell using a _____________________________
Draw one
Type O
(ii)
Treatment for Viruses:
Most can’t be cured
Antiviral drugs ___________________________, but don’t kill the virus (like cold sore med’s)
Antibiotics _______________________________________________________________
Vaccinations:
____________________ are made from ______________________________
Cause your immune system to make _______________________ that can kill the _________ if
____________________________
 Vaccines can stop some viruses  like flu, chicken pox, measles
How do antibodies help destroy Pathogens?
Three ways:
 ______________________________
 _______________________________________
 Cause them to ____________________________________ so a phagocyte can eat them.
Bacteria:
 Bacteria are called “______________________”
 Some cause ______________________ & some are _________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 ______________________________(like plants)
 Reproduce _____________________
 Don’t need a host to reproduce
 Many can survive in harsh conditions by forming __________________________(thick wall)
Antibiotics
 Interfere with the bacteria’s life processes, ____________________________.
 ___________________________________________________.
Antibiotic Resistance
 If you don’t take it, for all 10 days, ________________________________________
 Bacteria are able to ________________________________
 Linked to:
 ____________________________________________
 _____________________________________
 1 million ton/ 50 years prescribed
Decomposers
 Help ____________________________________
Can be used by humans to make products (__________________________________)