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Fall Semester Final Exam
STUDY GUIDE
NAME ________________________
BIOCHEMISTRY
Define:
1. Monomer
2. Polymer
3. Lipid
4. Fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Amino acid
7. Nucleic Acid
8. Nucleotide
9. Polysaccharide
10. Monosaccharide
11. Chemical Reaction
12. Reactant
13. Product
14. Activation energy
15. Catalyst
16. Enzyme
17. Substrate
1. Describe the difference between “organic” and “inorganic” and give examples of each type of
compound.
2. What property allows carbon compounds to exist in so many different forms?
3. List the four main types of organic compounds. Describe the main job of each and name its monomer.
A.
B.
C.
D.
5. Diagram how an enzyme changes the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
6. What are enzymes? How are they used in the body?
7. Enzymes are very specific. Each enzyme will react with only one type of substrate. Why is this?
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8. Describe how enzyme activity (how well it works) depends on temperature, ionic conditions, and the
pH of the surroundings.
9. What are the two types of nucleic acids and their functions?
10. Name structures A, B, and C
11. Where is the “code” in this molecule?
CELL BIOLOGY
Define:
1.
Cytoplasm
2.
Organelle
3.
Prokaryotic cell
4.
Eukaryotic cell
5.
Cytoskeleton
6.
Nucleus
7.
Endoplasmic reticulum
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Ribosome
Vesicle
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Cell membrane
1. How does the image through a microscope compare to the orientation of the specimen on a slide?
When a slide is moved to the left, the image moves in which direction?
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2. List the three parts of the cell theory.
3. Compare and contrast the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
4. Name the parts of this cell and give the job or jobs of each part
5. Name the parts that a plant cell has that animal cells like the one above don’t. What are the
jobs of these plant parts?
6. Diagram and describe how the E.R. and Golgi work to secrete a protein.
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CELL TRANSPORT
5. Define the terms
1.
Phospholipids
2.
Selective permeability
3.
Passive transport
4.
Diffusion
5.
Concentration gradient
6.
Osmosis
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Equilibrium
1. Diagram and describe a phospholipid, labeling the polar and nonpolar parts. (1a)
2. What is diffusion? Why is diffusion so important to living cells?
3. What is osmosis?
4. Draw a diagram of a typical plasma membrane and label the parts
Use the following key to explain how osmosis would affect these blood cells
KEY: A. The cell would shrink
B. The cell would swell
C. The cell would stay the same
5.
6.
4
8. This diagram illustrates the cell membrane of a cell that normally contains 3.0% Calcium that has
been placed in a 1.0 % solution. Exactly what is happening and why?
Cell Energy and Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Define:
1.
ATP
2.
Photosynthesis
3.
Chlorophyll
4.
Thylakoid
5.
Light-dependent reactions
6.
Light-independent reactions
7.
Chloroplast
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Spongy Mesophyll
Palisade Mesophyll
Stomata
Cellular respiration
Aerobic
Glycolysis
Anaerobic
1. Draw the molecule ATP and explain its importance. (1g)
2. Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic.
3. Fill in the blanks
4. Write the balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
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5. What does “glycolysis” mean? Where does glycolysis take place?
7. Draw and label the structure of a chloroplast.
8. Write the overall equation for photosynthesis.
9. Label the structures in a leaf cross section and explain what each does for the plant during
photosynthesis. (1f)
10. What is the job of the molecule known as NADPH?
DNA Replication
Define:
1.
Double helix
2.
Sugar phosphate backbone
3.
Nitrogenous base
4.
Hydrogen bonds
5.
Antiparallel
6.
Base pairing rules
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Semiconservative
Replication
DNA polymerase
Helicase
Ligase
1. Describe the evidence that lead Watson and Crick to determine the structure of DNA.
2. Draw the opposite strand of this DNA strand
SUGAR -- A
|
P
|
SUGAR -- C
|
P
|
SUGAR -- T
|
P
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Transcription Translation, and Protein Synthesis
1. Describe the sequence of the Central Dogma of Biology.
2. Identify the two main kinds of RNA and their functions. (5a/4a)
3. Predict the sequence of amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA. (4b)
mRNA: AUG UGU UAC AUU CAA AAC UGC CCC UUA GGA UAG
4. Describe what is happening in each step of the diagram on the next page.
5. Distinguish and identify the different types of mutations. (4c)
6. Explain why mutations may or may not show up in the characteristics of an organism. (4c)
7. Describe the different affects that mutations have on germ cells and somatic cells. (4c)
8. Describe the difference between introns and exons in eukaryotic RNA. (4b)
9. Draw the general structure of a protein and describe how proteins are different. (5a/4e)
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Investigation and Experimentation
1. In science, a logical way to solve a problem (question) of nature is called the __________
_______________________.
2. List the five major steps to this method and briefly describe each.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3. What is the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment.
4. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory.
6. Can an experiment ever be called a failure? Explain.
8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Define or explain
Biology
Science
Scientific Method
Control
E.
F.
G.
H.
Variable
Hypothesis
Theory
Law
Mitosis
Define:
Chromatid
Metastasize
Histone
benign
Chromatin
haploid
asexual reproduction
diploid
1. Name and diagram the 5 phases of mitosis.
2. What makes up a chromosome and how many does each human body cell contain?
3. Explain the difference between meiosis and mitosis
4.
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Genetics
Define:
Cross trait
Heterozygous
phenotype
genome
genotype
cross over
allele
homozygous
P generation F1 generation
1. Explain sex linked genes
2. What is codominance
3. In pea plants, spherical seeds (S) are dominant to dented seeds (s). In a genetic cross of two plants
that are heterozygous for the seed shape trait, what fraction of the offspring should have spherical
seeds?
4. In humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Cross a homozygous brown eyed with a
heterozygous brown eyed person. Complete the Punnett square.
a. What are the ratios for the genotypes
(Homozygous dominant : Heterozygous)?
b. What is the probability the two will have blue eyed children?
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