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STUDY GUIDE POLYPHONIC- Composition where parts move individually. HOMOPHONIC- Composition where parts move simultaneously. NATURAL- Mark cancelling sharp or flat. FLAT- symbol lowering note ½ step. CONTEMPORARY- Debussy, Stravinsky, Weber. SONATO- Song based compositions solo with orch. CONCERTO- Contest between soloist & orch. SYMPHONY- Large orchestral work based on theme & variations. CHORALE- Homophonic choral work began in Baroque era. PHRASE- Musical statement or idea. COUNTERPOINT- Melody & Harmony moving in opposite directions. (contrary motion) MOLTO- Term used to magnify musical terms (much). SUITE- Work based on several related themes. AUGMENTED- interval made ½ step, larger. DIMINISHED- interval made ½ step, smaller. ROOT- First degree of the scale (tonic). INVERSION- Chords played with note other than tonics on bottom. DOT- Mark after note adding ½ of notes value. SIMPLE- 2,3 & 4 meter. COMPOUND- Meters in 6,9,12 etc. KEY- Sharps and flats used to determine scale. HARMONIC MINOR- Minor scale with raised 7th. NATURAL MINOR- Scale starting on the 6th degree of the scale. SEQUENCE- Sub-motives with similar rhythmic figures. SHARP- Mark raising note ½ step. MELODY- The basic musical pattern of the composition. HARMONY- Other pitches decorating the melody. RHYTHM- The different lengths of the notes. DYNAMICS- Marks that tell how to move or change the music. TEMPO- Rate(beats) per minute. BEAT- Pulsations. TIMBRE- Characteristics tone qualities of instruments. TONE- Pitch colors of the various instruments. PITCH- Frequency / how high or low. MOTIVE- Small units of a melody or composition. THEME- Motives combined to form a complete idea. FORM- Themes combined to complete the composition. MOOD- Feelings & images intended by the composer. METER- Beats per measure. STYLE- Individual differences between composers & compositions. COMPOSITION- An original musical work. LEGATO- Smooth, connected playing of notes. STACATTO- Sharp, disconnected playing of notes. TENUTO- Notes held to full value. SOPRANO- Highest female voice part. ALTO- Low female or highest male voice part. TENOR- High male voice part. BASS- Lowest male voice part. THEME & VARIATION- Statement & varied restatement of original theme. FUGUE- Composition where parts are introduced at one time. INTERVAL- Distance between pitches. MAJOR- Scale where ½ steps fall between (3&4) & (7&8) MINOR- Scale where ½ steps fall between (2&3) & (5&6) CHROMATIC- Scale consisting of all half steps. PENTATONIC- Five tone scale. ENSEMBLE- Complete performance organization. BALANCE- Equal volume of musical parts. BLEND- Melting of parts together. TRIAD- Harmony figure built on ascending thirds. ARPPEGGIO- Broken chords (played alone) CRESCENDO- Gradual increase in volume. DECELERANDO- Gradual slowing of tempo. ALLARGANDO- In grand style. FORTE- Loud. PIANO- Soft. PIANISSIMO- Very soft. FORTISSIMO- Very loud. DUPLE- Meter divisible by 2. TRIPLE- Meter divisible by 3. CLEF- Mark on staff indicating pitch landmarks. SCALE- Order of ascending & descending notes within an octave. WHOLE TONE SCALE- Scale consisting of seven whole steps. ACCENT- Sharp attack, rapid decay of notes. DIMINUENDO- Gradually softer. ACCELERANDO- Gradually get faster. STEP- 2nd or side by side on piano. SKIP- 3rd or skip a natural. LEAP- Every other natural. TIE- Solid line connecting same pitches. SLUR- Solid line connecting different pitches. REPEAT SIGN- 2 dots at end of staff. C- Common Time. 4/4 C-Cut time. 2/2 DOWNBEAT- 1st beat of measure. MEZZO- Medium (voice). RITARDANDO- Slower. CONSONANCE- Musical rest, relaxation. DISSONANCE- Musical tension. ACCIDENTAL- Sharps, flats, natural signs. PARALLEL- Harmony follows melody. CHORDAL- Harmony follows chords. KEY SIGNATURE- Tells sharps & flats. CHORD- More than one pitch played together. BARITONE- Medium male voice.