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Chapter 16: The Civil War The Civil War: Overview: o In the bloody ______________, Union forces devastate the South and defeat the ____________________. President Lincoln narrowly wins reelection, but is ___________________ as the war ends. Section 1: The Civil War Begins: o Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter: Fort Sumter: __________________ soldiers take over government and military instillations in the ______________; 7 States have ______________ _____________________ in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor remains in Union control. 2/61: Confederates demand control of the __________, or threaten attack. Fort ____________ and food will last only 6 weeks. Lincoln’s Dilemma: Reinforcing the fort by force would be an act of _________, may encourage Virginia to ____________ and Britain to help _______________ Evacuating the fort would show weakness, anger Republicans, and endanger the Union. First Shots: ______________ does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends __________ For South, no action would damage legitimacy of the ____________________. ___________________ chooses to turn a peaceful secession into war, fires on Fort 4/12/61 Virginia Secedes: Fall of ______________ unites the North: volunteers rush to enlist Virginia unwilling to ____________ against the South: secedes from the Union: anti-slavery western counties secede from Virginia (West Virginia) Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina secede, border states (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Montana) remain neutral a o Americas Expect a Short War: Union and Confederate Strategies: Union advantages: _______________, industry, food, and railroads Confederate advantages: _______________, generals, ________________, homecourt _______________________: 3-pronged Union strategy to win the war o __________________ Southern ports o Divide Confederacy in ___________ in the west o Capture _________________, Virginia (Confederate capital) Confederate strategy: play _________, invade the North if the opportunity arises o Bull Run: First large-scale ____________, neat Washington D.C.; Confederates _________ General Thomas J. Jackson nicknamed _____________________ for standing firm in battle o Union Armies in the West: Protecting Washington, D.C.: After _______________, Lincoln calls for _____________ additional soldiers. Appoints ___________________________ to lead Army of the Potomac Institutes the nation’s first _______________ Forts Henry and Donelson: ____________________________-brave tough, decisive commander in the west 2/62: ___________ captures Confederate Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee. Shiloh: 3/62: Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at _____________ Church in Tennessee. ________________ counterattacks: Confederates retreat: 24,000 dead, wounded Shiloh lessons learned: this will be a ________, bloody war; Confederates are vulnerable in the west o A Revolution In Warfare Technology: The Ironclads: Destroy wooden _________, repel cannon fire, resist burning 3/62: The North’s ______________ and the South’s _______________ fight a legendary duel to a draw The era of wooden ships in battle was __________...development of early _________________ New Weapons and Style of Fighting: _____________ and minie balls, the Gatling gun _____________, landmines, _______________, ambulance corps, torpedoes Beginning of ___________ warfare o The War for the Capitals: Richmond: ____________ and the North publicly mock ____________________ extreme cautiousness / reluctance to fight. On the way to ____________________, McClellan encounters _________________________ forces. McClellan retreats after losing the __________________________ to Lee. Antietam: Lee moves towards ________________________. Lee faces McClellan in the town of _____________________ in Maryland. Bloodiest battle in ___________________ history (26,000 dead) o More than the War of 1812 and Mexican American War combined o Confederates lose ¼ of its army McClellan fails to pursue the damages Confederate _____________ that could have ended the ________________. Lincoln _____________ McClellan. Section 2: The Politics of War: o Britain Remains Neutral: Economic Factors: _________________ no longer dependent on the _____________ for cotton New sources of _____________ in Egypt and India Northern ___________ and corn just as important as cotton The Trent Affair: Confederates sent two _____________ to Britain to gain support aboard the ship the ______________. American _______________ stops the ship and arrests the two men British threaten __________ against the Union _____________ releases the men to avoid war. o Proclaiming Emancipation: Lincoln’s View of Slavery: ______________ slavery, but felt the fed government didn’t have __________ to abolish it in the existing slave states Believes the __________________ main objective is to save the ______________ Lincoln ______________ as the war goes on. Ending ____________became a weapon of war. o _________________ would discourage the strongly anti-slavery _________ from helping Confederates. Emancipation Proclamation: ____________________________: issued 1/1/63 Only applies to areas behind Confederate ________________ Does not apply to Southern ____________ already occupied by the _______________, or to the border states Reactions to the Proclamation: For the ____________, it gave the war a ______________ purpose. Free ___________ can now enlist in the army. Northern _______________ believe it will prolong the war by antagonizing the South. Confederates outraged: more determined to win o Both Sides Face Political Problems: North Dissent: In Maryland, _________________ suspends _______________: a court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why they are being jailed. Arrest _________________: Northern Democrats who advocated peace with the South ____________________ denounces Lincoln’s actions, then suspends habeas corpus himself. Conscription: Both sides enact __________________: draft forcing service Both sides allow men to pay ____________ for substitute However, very few members of the army were _____________ (about 10% on both sides). Draft Riots: Summer 1863, New York City Poor white ___________, especially Irish immigrants, _________. Believe its unfair that they should have to fight a __________ to free _________ who will compete with their ______________ When they begin to be _____________, mobs rampage through the city. The rioters attack: o Draft offices o ____________ o Republicans o Anti-slavery leaders o The rich o __________________ Federal troops end the ______________. 100 dead Section 3: Life During Wartime: o African Americans Fight For Freedom: African American Soldiers: By war’s end, they would make up __________ of the ____________ army. Still suffered discrimination: ________________ units commanded by white officers Earn less than white ____________ Many ____________ were executed by Confederates on the spot. o Massacre at ______________ in Tennessee: 200 killed Slave Resistance in the Confederacy: ___________ seek freedom as Union army push into Confederate territory. Slaves on _______________ engage in sabotage Slave _____________ gradually weakens plantation system. o By 1864, many Confederates realize that ______________ is nearing the end. o The War Affects Regional Economies: Southern Economic Decline: Southern food ________________ o Loss of __________ to the army o ___________ occupation of farm areas o Loss of ____________ Food prices ___________. ____________ and currency chaos Northern Economic Growth: Army need for war ___________ leads to economic boom _____________ obtain government ____________ for the first time, but earn less than ___________. War profiteering, corruption rampant o Contractors supply _____________ and blankets made of “shoddy”: fibers mad from rage o Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides: Lives on the Line: Poor living conditions, _________, medical care Lack of garbage disposal and _____________ ______________ (dysentery, typhoid, malaria) rampant Barely edible food Medicine: Unites States Sanitary Commission formed to improve ____________ o Recruits and trains ___________ o 3000 serve for the Union _________________ becomes superintendent of woman nurses. ___________________ known as “angel of the battlefield: for caring for the sick and wounded Surgeons never ______________ instruments: effects of ____________ unknown at the time Blood typing, ____________, antibiotics non-existent __________________ were in its infancy o Ether or chloroform Prisons: The worst Confederate camp was ______________________, Georgia o 33,000 men in overcrowded camp o No ____________ o Drank from ___________ stream that was their ___________ o 1/3 died Prison camps in the ___________ only slightly better 15% of Union _______________ VS. 12% of Confederate prisoners ________ Section 4: The North Takes Charge: o 1863: The War Rages On: Gettysburg: ___________ decides to invade the North: pushes into Pennsylvania ________________ (July 1-3, 1863) = the most decisive battle of war _______________ forces win 3 days of intense fighting Total casualties = 30% o Union losses = _______________ killed or wounded o Confederate losses = _____________ killed or wounded Lee gives up hope of invading North: the ______________ would never recover Vicksburg: ___________ continues western campaign Vicksburg, Mississippi and ________________, Louisiana = the only two holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi ________________ Starving Confederate ______________ both positions; the Confederacy was finally cut in ______________ o The Confederacy Wears Down: Confederate Morale Down: After _______________ and Vicksburg, people all over the South begin to openly call for an end to __________. Soldiers begin to _____________. Confederate government ineffective; loose confederacy led to disagreements Grant Appoints Sherman: 3/64: ____________ appoints ___________ commander of all Union forces. Grant appoints _________________________ commander of western forces. Both men believe in “__________”: fighting not only the armies and government, but also the citizens Grant vs. Lee…Sherman Marches to the Sea: May-June 1864 o Grant loses _____________ men. o Lee loses ______________ men. o Union can replace them: Confederates cannot. Sherman marches southeast through Georgia. o Creates a ____________ of destruction (ie: total war) o Burns every _________________ in its path o Burns _____________ to the ground o Sets out towards the coast Sherman’s troops turn North to meet up with _____________. o Behind were ______________ slaves seeking freedom. Surrender at Appomattox: By ___________ 1865, it’s clear the end of the Confederacy near o ________ approaching Richmond, Virginia from west o ______________ approaching Richmond from the south o ____________ can replace them: Confederates cannot President ____________________ and his government leave the capital. ___________ and Grant meet to arrange Confederate surrendered in a _______________ in the Virginia village ___________________ April 9, 1865: the _______________ ends Section 5: The Legacy of the War: o The War Changes the Nation: Political Changes: The _____________ government assumed supreme authority / power. o No longer is ________________ ever discussed. States’ rights weakened, but does not disappear ______________, paper currency, conscription made the federal government directly involved in people’s lives Economic Changes: o _______________ increases: national _____________ system built ____________________ sets up a series of federal banks Northern _____________ increased: large-scale agriculture begins The war destroyed southern slave-based economy _________________ march wiped out economic potential for decades. Cost of the War: Great human cost: o 360,000 Union soldiers vs. 275,000 Confederate soldiers died o 275,000 Union soldiers vs. 225,000 Confederate soldiers wounded o 2.4 million men served in the __________...lives disrupted Union and Confederate spent $3.3 billon: o Twice what the government spent the previous ______________ o War ____________ and veterans’ pensions consume federal budget for ____________ The War Changes Lives: New Birth of Freedom: __________________________ had only freed __________ in the states that seceded o What about the border states where slavery was still legal? ______________________ passed o “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.” Assassination of Lincoln: April 14, 1865: _____________ days after Lee surrender _______________ and his wife went to ___________________ in Washington to see a comedic play called Our American Cousin _________________________ (26 year old acter and Southern sympathizer) shoots _____________ in the back of the head and jumps from the balcony of the stage. Breaks his ___________ and shouts “Sic semper tyrannis” (Death to Tyrants)… “The South has been avenged.” _______________ escapes the _______________ and is caught by Union troops in a Virginia barn and shot. _________________ funeral train travels for _____________ from D.C. to his hometown in Springfield, Il…7 million view the funeral procession