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Chapter 16: The Civil War
The Civil War: Overview:
o In the bloody ______________, Union forces devastate the South and defeat the
____________________. President Lincoln narrowly wins reelection, but is ___________________ as
the war ends.
 Section 1: The Civil War Begins:
o Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter:
 Fort Sumter:
 __________________ soldiers take over government and military instillations in the
______________; 7 States have ______________
 _____________________ in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor remains in Union
control.
 2/61: Confederates demand control of the __________, or threaten attack.
 Fort ____________ and food will last only 6 weeks.
 Lincoln’s Dilemma:
 Reinforcing the fort by force would be an act of _________, may encourage
Virginia to ____________ and Britain to help _______________
 Evacuating the fort would show weakness, anger Republicans, and endanger the
Union.
 First Shots:
 ______________ does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends __________
 For South, no action would damage legitimacy of the ____________________.
 ___________________ chooses to turn a peaceful secession into war, fires on Fort
4/12/61
 Virginia Secedes:
 Fall of ______________ unites the North: volunteers rush to enlist
 Virginia unwilling to ____________ against the South: secedes from the Union:
anti-slavery western counties secede from Virginia (West Virginia)
 Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina secede, border states (Maryland,
Delaware, Kentucky, Montana) remain neutral
 a
o Americas Expect a Short War:
 Union and Confederate Strategies:
 Union advantages: _______________, industry, food, and railroads
 Confederate advantages: _______________, generals, ________________, homecourt
 _______________________: 3-pronged Union strategy to win the war
o __________________ Southern ports
o Divide Confederacy in ___________ in the west
o Capture _________________, Virginia (Confederate capital)
 Confederate strategy: play _________, invade the North if the opportunity arises
o
 Bull Run:
 First large-scale ____________, neat Washington D.C.; Confederates _________
 General Thomas J. Jackson nicknamed _____________________ for standing firm in
battle
o Union Armies in the West:
 Protecting Washington, D.C.:
 After _______________, Lincoln calls for _____________ additional soldiers.
 Appoints ___________________________ to lead Army of the Potomac
 Institutes the nation’s first _______________
 Forts Henry and Donelson:

 ____________________________-brave tough, decisive commander in the west
 2/62: ___________ captures Confederate Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee.
 Shiloh:
 3/62: Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at _____________ Church in
Tennessee.
 ________________ counterattacks: Confederates retreat: 24,000 dead, wounded
 Shiloh lessons learned: this will be a ________, bloody war; Confederates are
vulnerable in the west
o A Revolution In Warfare Technology:
 The Ironclads:
 Destroy wooden _________, repel cannon fire, resist burning
 3/62: The North’s ______________ and the South’s _______________ fight a
legendary duel to a draw
 The era of wooden ships in battle was __________...development of early
_________________
 New Weapons and Style of Fighting:
 _____________ and minie balls, the Gatling gun
 _____________, landmines, _______________, ambulance corps, torpedoes
 Beginning of ___________ warfare
o The War for the Capitals:
 Richmond:
 ____________ and the North publicly mock ____________________ extreme
cautiousness / reluctance to fight.
 On the way to ____________________, McClellan encounters
_________________________ forces.
 McClellan retreats after losing the __________________________ to Lee.
 Antietam:
 Lee moves towards ________________________.
 Lee faces McClellan in the town of _____________________ in Maryland.
 Bloodiest battle in ___________________ history (26,000 dead)
o More than the War of 1812 and Mexican American War combined
o Confederates lose ¼ of its army
 McClellan fails to pursue the damages Confederate _____________ that could
have ended the ________________.
 Lincoln _____________ McClellan.
 Section 2: The Politics of War:
o Britain Remains Neutral:
 Economic Factors:
 _________________ no longer dependent on the _____________ for cotton
 New sources of _____________ in Egypt and India
 Northern ___________ and corn just as important as cotton
 The Trent Affair:
 Confederates sent two _____________ to Britain to gain support aboard the ship
the ______________.
 American _______________ stops the ship and arrests the two men
 British threaten __________ against the Union
 _____________ releases the men to avoid war.
o Proclaiming Emancipation:
 Lincoln’s View of Slavery:
 ______________ slavery, but felt the fed government didn’t have __________ to
abolish it in the existing slave states
 Believes the __________________ main objective is to save the ______________
Lincoln ______________ as the war goes on.
Ending ____________became a weapon of war.
o _________________ would discourage the strongly anti-slavery _________
from helping Confederates.
 Emancipation Proclamation:
 ____________________________: issued 1/1/63
 Only applies to areas behind Confederate ________________
 Does not apply to Southern ____________ already occupied by the
_______________, or to the border states
 Reactions to the Proclamation:
 For the ____________, it gave the war a ______________ purpose.
 Free ___________ can now enlist in the army.
 Northern _______________ believe it will prolong the war by antagonizing the
South.
 Confederates outraged: more determined to win
o Both Sides Face Political Problems:
 North Dissent:
 In Maryland, _________________ suspends _______________: a court order that
requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine
why they are being jailed.
 Arrest _________________: Northern Democrats who advocated peace with the
South
 ____________________ denounces Lincoln’s actions, then suspends habeas corpus
himself.
 Conscription:
 Both sides enact __________________: draft forcing service
 Both sides allow men to pay ____________ for substitute
 However, very few members of the army were _____________ (about 10% on both
sides).
 Draft Riots:
 Summer 1863, New York City
 Poor white ___________, especially Irish immigrants, _________.
 Believe its unfair that they should have to fight a __________ to free _________
who will compete with their ______________
 When they begin to be _____________, mobs rampage through the city.
 The rioters attack:
o Draft offices
o ____________
o Republicans
o Anti-slavery leaders
o The rich
o __________________
 Federal troops end the ______________.
 100 dead
 Section 3: Life During Wartime:
o African Americans Fight For Freedom:
 African American Soldiers:
 By war’s end, they would make up __________ of the ____________ army.
 Still suffered discrimination: ________________ units commanded by white
officers
 Earn less than white ____________
 Many ____________ were executed by Confederates on the spot.


o Massacre at ______________ in Tennessee: 200 killed
Slave Resistance in the Confederacy:
 ___________ seek freedom as Union army push into Confederate territory.
 Slaves on _______________ engage in sabotage
 Slave _____________ gradually weakens plantation system.
o By 1864, many Confederates realize that ______________ is nearing the end.
o The War Affects Regional Economies:
 Southern Economic Decline:
 Southern food ________________
o Loss of __________ to the army
o ___________ occupation of farm areas
o Loss of ____________
 Food prices ___________.
 ____________ and currency chaos
 Northern Economic Growth:
 Army need for war ___________ leads to economic boom
 _____________ obtain government ____________ for the first time, but earn less
than ___________.
 War profiteering, corruption rampant
o Contractors supply _____________ and blankets made of “shoddy”: fibers
mad from rage
o Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides:
 Lives on the Line:
 Poor living conditions, _________, medical care
 Lack of garbage disposal and _____________
 ______________ (dysentery, typhoid, malaria) rampant
 Barely edible food
 Medicine:
 Unites States Sanitary Commission formed to improve ____________
o Recruits and trains ___________
o 3000 serve for the Union
 _________________ becomes superintendent of woman nurses.
 ___________________ known as “angel of the battlefield: for caring for the sick
and wounded
 Surgeons never ______________ instruments: effects of ____________ unknown at
the time
 Blood typing, ____________, antibiotics non-existent
 __________________ were in its infancy
o Ether or chloroform
 Prisons:
 The worst Confederate camp was ______________________, Georgia
o 33,000 men in overcrowded camp
o No ____________
o Drank from ___________ stream that was their ___________
o 1/3 died
 Prison camps in the ___________ only slightly better
 15% of Union _______________ VS. 12% of Confederate prisoners ________
 Section 4: The North Takes Charge:
o 1863: The War Rages On:
 Gettysburg:
 ___________ decides to invade the North: pushes into Pennsylvania
 ________________ (July 1-3, 1863) = the most decisive battle of war

_______________ forces win 3 days of intense fighting
Total casualties = 30%
o Union losses = _______________ killed or wounded
o Confederate losses = _____________ killed or wounded
 Lee gives up hope of invading North: the ______________ would never recover
 Vicksburg:
 ___________ continues western campaign
 Vicksburg, Mississippi and ________________, Louisiana = the only two holdouts
preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi ________________
 Starving Confederate ______________ both positions; the Confederacy was finally
cut in ______________
o The Confederacy Wears Down:
 Confederate Morale Down:
 After _______________ and Vicksburg, people all over the South begin to openly
call for an end to __________.
 Soldiers begin to _____________.
 Confederate government ineffective; loose confederacy led to disagreements
 Grant Appoints Sherman:
 3/64: ____________ appoints ___________ commander of all Union forces.
 Grant appoints _________________________ commander of western forces.
 Both men believe in “__________”: fighting not only the armies and government,
but also the citizens
 Grant vs. Lee…Sherman Marches to the Sea:
 May-June 1864
o Grant loses _____________ men.
o Lee loses ______________ men.
o Union can replace them: Confederates cannot.
 Sherman marches southeast through Georgia.
o Creates a ____________ of destruction (ie: total war)
o Burns every _________________ in its path
o Burns _____________ to the ground
o Sets out towards the coast
 Sherman’s troops turn North to meet up with _____________.
o Behind were ______________ slaves seeking freedom.
 Surrender at Appomattox:
 By ___________ 1865, it’s clear the end of the Confederacy near
o ________ approaching Richmond, Virginia from west
o ______________ approaching Richmond from the south
o ____________ can replace them: Confederates cannot
 President ____________________ and his government leave the capital.
 ___________ and Grant meet to arrange Confederate surrendered in a
_______________ in the Virginia village ___________________
 April 9, 1865: the _______________ ends
 Section 5: The Legacy of the War:
o The War Changes the Nation:
 Political Changes:
 The _____________ government assumed supreme authority / power.
o No longer is ________________ ever discussed.
 States’ rights weakened, but does not disappear
 ______________, paper currency, conscription made the federal government
directly involved in people’s lives
 Economic Changes:


o
 _______________ increases: national _____________ system built
 ____________________ sets up a series of federal banks
 Northern _____________ increased: large-scale agriculture begins
 The war destroyed southern slave-based economy
 _________________ march wiped out economic potential for decades.
 Cost of the War:
 Great human cost:
o 360,000 Union soldiers vs. 275,000 Confederate soldiers died
o 275,000 Union soldiers vs. 225,000 Confederate soldiers wounded
o 2.4 million men served in the __________...lives disrupted
 Union and Confederate spent $3.3 billon:
o Twice what the government spent the previous ______________
o War ____________ and veterans’ pensions consume federal budget for
____________
The War Changes Lives:
 New Birth of Freedom:
 __________________________ had only freed __________ in the states that seceded
o What about the border states where slavery was still legal?
 ______________________ passed
o “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within
the United States.”
 Assassination of Lincoln:
 April 14, 1865: _____________ days after Lee surrender
 _______________ and his wife went to ___________________ in Washington to see a
comedic play called Our American Cousin
 _________________________ (26 year old acter and Southern sympathizer) shoots
_____________ in the back of the head and jumps from the balcony of the stage.
 Breaks his ___________ and shouts “Sic semper tyrannis” (Death to Tyrants)…
“The South has been avenged.”
 _______________ escapes the _______________ and is caught by Union troops in a
Virginia barn and shot.
 _________________ funeral train travels for _____________ from D.C. to his
hometown in Springfield, Il…7 million view the funeral procession