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What are Earthquakes? Earthquakes are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. When the Earth's plates move against each other, stress is put on the lithosphere. When this stress is great enough, the lithosphere breaks or shifts Where do they occur most often? Within areas of the crust are fractures, known as faults, One block may move up while the other moves down, or one may move horizontally in one direction and the other in the opposite direction. Geologists and seismologists (scientists who study earthquakes and the processes that create them) have found that earthquakes occur repeatedly at faults, which are zones of weakness in the earth's crust. Can Earthquakes Be Prevented? There is no known way to prevent earthquakes, but it is possible to lessen the impact. The amount of devastation from an earthquake can be greatly diminished by building structures using earthquake resistant design, making the interiors of buildings safe from falling objects, and educating people about earthquake safety. Katie Sobolewski The who, what, when, and why of Earthquakes! What Was the Greatest Number of People Killed in One Earthquake? An earthquake in China in 1556 killed approximately 830,000 people. Effects of Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Volcanoes generate a wide variety of phenomena that can alter the Earth's surface and atmosphere and endanger people and property. Small events may pose hazards only within a few miles of a volcano, while large events can directly or indirectly endanger people and property tens to hundreds of miles away. First we'll explore the origin of magma and then we'll look at some eruptive types and associated hazards. Emergency Response Plan During an Earthquake: Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur. Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and stay indoors until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON on until the shaking stops. Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, such as lighting fixtures or furniture. Conclusions Earthquakes can be categorized according to their location (focus & epicenter), intensity, magnitude, and energy. Seismic waves are created by the release of energy stored in rocks. The speed at which different types of seismic waves travel can be used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. Volcanoes erupt as a result of highpressure gas and magma below the surface of the Earth. The magma forms through heating, depressurizing, and water introduction. Eruptions of volcanoes produce pyroclastic flows, lava flows, debris flows, and landslides. Although these natural disasters have been studied extensively and their causes are well-understood, predicting such events over short time scales remains difficult. After an Earthquake: Expect aftershocks Listen to a battery-operated radio or television. Be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in coastal areas. PLAN AHEAD FOR A DISASTER!