Download WHAP Teacher Copy Science Technology and a New Way of Thinking

Science, Technology, and a New Way of Thinking
WHAP/Napp
Objective: To identify and explain significant changes in science and
technology in Western Europe in the Early Modern Era
Do Now: List three facts about the Scientific Revolution
Cues:
Notes:
I. Inventions
A. Gunpowder, printing, and the compassthree important inventions that
contributed to the breakdown of feudalism in Western Europe
B. Gunpowder, brought from China, meant end of power of feudal castle and
increased ability of the monarch to wage war against feudal barons
C. Movable type, invented around 1488, put education within the reach of the
masses and made the circulation of the Bible possible
D. Compass, brought from China through Spain, and geographical knowledge
gained from Arabs made possible European contact with the Americas
II. New Way of Thinking
A. HumanismRenaissance ideaSense of tremendous capacities and
potential of every human being replaced the concept of the frail creature in
need of God’s grace: humanity became worthy of study in its own right
B. Dante (1265-1321) wrote his Divine Comedy in Italian (vernacular) rather
than in Latin and stressed happiness on earth
C. Machiavelli wrote The Prince (1513), secular and pragmatic political
treatise”It is better to be feared than lovedpower by any means
D. Humanism spread into north and central Europe nearly a century after it
had begun in Italybecame Christian humanism, blend of secular/religious
III. The Renaissance
A. Height of the Renaissance: 1450 to 1559Location: The Italian City-States
wealth from Mediterranean trade
B. Key Ideas: Humanism and SecularismKey Artists: Michelangelo, Da
Vinci, Raphael, Donatello, BrunelleschiShakespeare in England,
Cervantes in Spain, and Montaigne in FranceHumanism/Secularism
C. Medieval art was almost entirely religiousBut Renaissance art was
religious and secular, combining both Christian and humanist elements
D. Renaissance”rebirth”revival of classical Greek and Roman ideas
E. Medieval art was flatRenaissance art was realistic and more human
Medieval art didn’t try to be worldly; Renaissance art  of this world
IV. Johann Gutenberg
A. Printing was developed in China during the Song Dynasty but moveable
type wasn’t invented in Europe until the mid-1400s, when Johannes
Gutenberg invented the printing press
B. Priorlong, laborious to create book, expensive books, most did not read
C. The printing pressBooks became easy to produce and thus were far more
affordablemiddle class demand for books printed in vernacular
V. The Reformation
A. Medieval Churchunifying forcepowerful forcepope as intermediary
Summaries:
Cues:
A. When church needed to finance its immense building projects plus pay for
Renaissance artists in its employ, it began to sell indulgences
B. Indulgencepiece of paper to purchase to reduce time in purgatory
C. In purgatory, a sinner would expiate or make amends for his sins and then
be allowed to enter heaven
D. Land-owning noblesresentful of church, and its wealth and power
E. Selling of indulgences propelled the frustration into the ranks of the peasant
class and helped set the stage for confrontation
F. Selling of indulgences suggested the corrupt nature of the church to some
VI. Martin Luther
A. A professor at the University of WittenbergPosted his Ninety-five Theses
directed against the selling of indulgences in 1517
B. Luther claimed that the source of spiritual authority was not the church but
scripture and the individual reader
C. After Diet of Worms in 1520, Luther refused to recant, excommunicated,
and Lutheranism was formed in defiance of the Roman Catholic Church
D. John Calvin from France led a Protestant group by preaching an ideology
of predestinationGod had predetermined ultimate destiny for all people
E. John Knox founded the Presbyterian church in Scotland but differed little
from Calvin in theology
F. Henry VIII of England broke with Roman church in 1534 because pope
refused to allow him to divorce his wifeChurch of England (Anglican)
VII. Different Protestant Denominations but Similarities
A. All Protestants rejected papal authority and supernatural character of
priesthoodreject purgatoryuse vernacularfaith alone
VIII. Catholic Counter-Reformation
A. At the Council of Trent, sitting irregularly in the mid-1500s, the Roman
Catholic church was reformed and rejuvenated
B. Saint Ignatius Loyola founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a monastic order
dedicated to active participation in world affairs and missionary activity
C. The Inquisition was first established in Rome to enforce conformity
throughout the Catholic world
IX. Commercial Revolution
A. Change from a self-sufficient town-centered economy to a capitalistic
nation-centered economy
B. Mercantilism was a direct result of attempts by states to acquire more
money through the creation of a favorable balance of trade
X. The Scientific Revolution
A. Use of reason, observation, and experimentationProof for Truth
B. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543): advanced heliocentric or sun-centered
universe theory that was mathematically simpler than the geocentric
C. Galileotelescope to prove Copernicus
D. Isaac Newton (1642-1727): published Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy-all motion could be described by the same mathematical formula
E. The universe was seen as natural, understandable by natural laws
Summaries:
Questions:
 Identify and explain what inventions led to the breakdown of feudalism in Western
Europe.
 How did the Renaissance change ideas about humans, art, and society?
 Why was Gutenberg’s invention “revolutionary”?
 Discuss the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
 How did the Catholic Counter-Reformation combat the rise of Protestantism?
 Why was the Scientific Revolution “revolutionary”?
1. Which of the following does NOT
5. Where did Luther’s movement first
belong in a list of Catholic doctrines
take root?
rejected by Martin Luther?
(A) France
(A) Papal authority
(B) England
(B) Granting of indulgences
(C) Spain
(C) Monasticism
(D) Italy
(D) Priestly celibacy
(E) Germany
(E) Acceptance of the Holy Trinity
6. Which label best characterizes the
2. Which group traces its roots to the
Italian Renaissance?
Catholic Reformation, sometimes
(A) A political movement
referred to as the Counter(B) A cultural movement
Reformation?
(C) A religious movement
(A) Benedictine monks
(D) A mass movement
(B) Coptic Christians
(E) A global movement
(C) Jesuits
(D) Liberation theologians
7. Who was associated with the Italian
(E) Calvinists
Renaissance?
(A) Plato
3. Who is credited with bringing
(B) Galileo
awareness of the heliocentric nature
(C) Niccolo Machiavelli
of the solar system into Western
(D) Pirandello
civilization?
(E) Vesalius
(A) Aristotle
(B) Galileo
8. Who was responsible for the
(C) Columbus
invention of movable type in the
(D) Copernicus
West?
(E) Descartes
(A) Thomas Aquinas
(B) Albrecht Durer
4. Which of the following thinkers
(C) John Harvey
established the principles of objects
(D) Johannes Gutenberg
in motion and defined the forces of
(E) Nicolaus Copernicus
gravity?
(A) Descartes
(B) Rousseau
(C) Newton
(D) Bacon
(E) Galileo
Excerpt from learner.org
When Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445, he forever changed the lives of
people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world. Previously, bookmaking entailed
copying all the words and illustrations by hand. Often the copying had been done onto
parchment, animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean, smooth, and thin. The
labor that went into creating them made each book very expensive. Because Gutenberg's
press could produce books quickly and with relatively little effort, bookmaking became
much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material.
In the Middle Ages, books had been costly and education rare; only the clergy had been
regular readers and owners of books. Most books had been written in Latin, considered the
language of scholarship. In the Renaissance, the educated middle classes, who could now
afford books, demanded works in their own languages. Furthermore, readers wanted a
greater variety of books. Almanacs, travel books, chivalry romances, and poetry were all
published at this time. Simultaneously, a means of printing music was also invented,
making music available at a reasonable cost. As the demand for books grew, the book trade
began to flourish throughout Europe, and industries related to it, such as papermaking,
thrived as well. The result of all of this was a more literate populace and a stronger
Books also helped to spread awareness of a new philosophy that emerged when
Renaissance scholars known as humanists returned to the works of ancient writers.
Previously, during the Middle Ages, scholars had been guided by the teachings of the
church, and people had concerned themselves with actions leading to heavenly rewards.
The writings of ancient, pagan Greece and Rome, called the "classics," had been greatly
ignored. To study the classics, humanists learned to read Greek and ancient Latin, and
they sought out manuscripts that had lain undisturbed for nearly 2,000 years.
The humanists rediscovered writings on scientific matters, government, rhetoric,
philosophy, and art. They were influenced by the knowledge of these ancient civilizations
and by the emphasis placed on man, his intellect, and his life on Earth.
The new interest in secular life led to beliefs about education and society that came from
Greece and Rome. The secular, humanist idea held that the church should not rule civic
matters, but should guide only spiritual matters. The church disdained the accumulation of
wealth and worldly goods, supported a strong but limited education, and believed that
moral and ethical behavior was dictated by scripture. Humanists, however, believed that
wealth enabled them to do fine, noble deeds, that good citizens needed a good, well-rounded
education (such as that advocated by the Greeks and Romans), and that moral and ethical
issues were related more to secular society than to spiritual concerns. The rebirth of
classical studies contributed to the development of all forms of art during the Renaissance.
Literature was probably the first to show signs of classical influence. The Italian poet
Petrarch (1304-1374) delighted in studying the works of Cicero and Virgil, two great
writers of the Roman age, and he modeled some of his own writings on their works.
Thesis Statement: Change Over Time: Western Europe: 476 – 1750
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