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Restructuring the
Postwar World, 1945–present
CHAPTER
33
Chapter Overview
Time Line
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION
1 Two Superpowers Face Off
SECTION
2 Communists Triumph in China
SECTION
3 War in Korea and Vietnam
SECTION
4 Cold War Around the World
SECTION
5 The Cold War Thaws
Visual Summary
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CHAPTER
33
Restructuring the
Postwar World, 1945–present
Chapter Overview
After World War II, the Soviet Union and the
United States emerge as rivals. This rivalry is
mainly diplomatic and strategic, but also
leads both to become involved in military
actions around the world. The rivalry
dominates world politics for four decades.
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CHAPTER
33
Restructuring the
Postwar World, 1945–present
HOME
Time Line
1945 United
Nations formed.
1957 Soviets launch
Sputnik.
1975 Vietnam
War ends.
1945
1997 South Korea aids
North Korea, but the two
remain divided.
2002
1949 Communists
take control of
China.
1959 Cuban
Revolution
overthrows Batista
regime.
1979 Nicaraguan
Communists topple
U.S.-backed
dictatorship.
1
HOME
Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
Key Idea
The Soviet Union builds a buffer zone in
Eastern Europe, and the United States aids its
Western European allies as it struggles to block
Communist expansion.
Overview
Assessment
1
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Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• United Nations
• iron curtain
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• containment
The conflicting aims
between the United
States and the Soviet
Union led to global
competition.
The conflicts between
these two superpowers
played a major role in
reshaping the modern
world.
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Cold War
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• brinkmanship
• U-2 incident
Assessment
1
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Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
Section
1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List the causes of the Cold War between the United
States and the Soviet Union.
Conflicting aims
in Europe
Soviet defiance of
Yalta agreement
Cold War
Desire for world
domination
Berlin blockade
Incompatible political and
economic philosophies
continued . . .
1
HOME
Two Superpowers
Face Off
MAP
Section
1
Assessment
2. What were Stalin’s objectives in supporting Communist
governments in Eastern Europe? THINK ABOUT
• the effects of World War II
• the location of the Soviet Union
• U.S. aims in Europe
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• To protect borders
• To counteract U.S. influence in Europe
• To have access to raw materials to help rebuild warravaged country
• To keep Germany from rebuilding and attacking
Russia again
End of Section 1
2
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Communists
Triumph in China
Key Idea
China splits into two nations—one Communist and
one Nationalist. Mao Zedong expands the Communist
state and launches ambitious, but often disastrous,
programs to transform its society.
Overview
Assessment
2
HOME
Communists
Triumph in China
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Mao Zedong
• Jiang Jieshi
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• commune
After World War II,
Chinese Communists
defeated Nationalist
forces and two separate
Chinas emerged.
China remains a Communist
country and a major player on
the world stage.
• Red Guards
Assessment
• Cultural Revolution
2
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Communists
Triumph in China
Section
2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Summarize the reforms Mao Zedong proposed for
China.
Aspect of Life
Reform
Agriculture
Divided land among peasants
Established collective farms
Established communes
Industry
Nationalized private companies
Set high production goals
Family
Supported women workers
Sponsored childcare
continued . . .
2
HOME
Communists
Triumph in China
Section
2
Assessment
2. What policies or actions enabled the Communists to
defeat the Nationalists in their long civil war?
THINK ABOUT
• the goals of each group
• the leaders of the Communists and the Nationalists
• foreign support
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Won peasants’ loyalty
• Trained troops in guerilla techniques
• Promised land reform
continued . . .
2
HOME
Communists
Triumph in China
Section
2
Assessment
3. What circumstances prevented Mao’s Great Leap
Forward from bringing economic prosperity to China?
THINK ABOUT
• Mao’s strict socialism
• life in a commune
• environmental problems
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Lack of privacy and personal life in the communes,
lack of incentives for working hard, poor planning,
crop failure
End of Section 2
3
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War in Korea
and Vietnam
Key Idea
The United States fights bloody wars to
prevent Communist takeovers in Korea and
Vietnam. Korea remains split into
Communist and non-Communist nations,
and Vietnam becomes Communist.
Overview
Assessment
3
HOME
War in Korea
and Vietnam
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• 38th parallel
• Douglas MacArthur
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Ho Chi Minh
In Asia, the Cold War
flared into actual wars
supported mainly by the
superpowers.
Today, Vietnam is a
Communist country and
Korea is split into
Communist and nonCommunist nations.
• domino theory
• Ngo Dinh Diem
• Vietcong
• Vietnamization
• Khmer Rouge
Assessment
3
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War in Korea
and Vietnam
Section
3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Compare and contrast the causes and effects of the wars
in Vietnam and Korea.
Korean War
Both
Vietnam War
American and Soviet involvement
stemmed from Cold War.
Neither side gained
an advantage.
Land was destroyed.
Soviet-supported North
Vietnamese won.
Millions of people died.
continued . . .
3
HOME
War in Korea
and Vietnam
Section
3
Assessment
2. Do you think U.S. involvement in Vietnam was
justified? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the U.S. policy of containment
• the domino theory
• U.S. public opinion
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Not justified—It was a civil war that did not involve
the United States; war is not justified under any
circumstances.
Justified—It was the responsibility of a nation founded
on democratic ideals to support democracy in other
countries, especially those in danger of becoming
Communist.
End of Section 3
4
HOME
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Key Idea
The United States and the Soviet Union
compete for influence throughout the
developing world by supporting rival
factions in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Overview
Assessment
4
HOME
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Third World
• nonaligned nations
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Fidel Castro
The Cold War
superpowers supported
opposing sides in Latin
American and Middle
Eastern conflicts.
Many of these areas today
are still troubled by
political, economic, and
military conflict and crisis.
• Anastasio Somoza
• Daniel Ortega
• Shah Mohammed Reza
Pahlavi
• Ayatollah Ruholla
Khomeini
Assessment
4
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Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List the main events of U.S. involvement in Cuba.
Castro leads
revolution
against Batista.
Castro
nationalizes
U.S.-owned
sugar mills.
Eisenhower
orders
embargo on
trade.
Castro turns to
Soviets for aid.
Bay of Pigs
invasion
Cuban missile
crisis
continued . . .
4
HOME
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
2. What similarities do you see among U.S. actions in
Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran? THINK ABOUT
• the type of leader the United States supported in
each country
• U.S. interests in these countries
ANSWER
Possible
Response:
The United States supported dictatorial leaders
who were overthrown by popular uprisings. It
intervened in all three countries to protect its own
interests—a takeover by Communist Sandinistas
in Nicaragua and by Castro in Cuba, and loss of
vital oil supplies from Iran.
continued . . .
4
HOME
Cold War
Around the World
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
3. Today, Cuba suffers a severe shortage of vital supplies,
largely due to the U.S. trade embargo that has lasted for
almost 40 years. Do you think the United States should lift
that embargo? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• Castro’s leadership
• prior U.S. conflicts with Cuba
• human suffering
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Lift embargo—Cuba is no longer receiving aid from the
Soviets; all Cubans—not only those who agree with
Castro—are suffering.
Retain embargo—Castro is still a threat to U.S.
security; eventually embargo may cause the fall of the
Communist regime.
End of Section 4
5
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The Cold War Thaws
Key Idea
The Cold War begins to thaw as
Khrushchev denounces Stalinism, and
U.S. leaders adopt a foreign policy of
lessened tensions.
Overview
Assessment
5
HOME
The Cold War Thaws
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Nikita Khrushchev
• destalinization
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Leonid Brezhnev
The Cold War began to
thaw as the superpowers
entered an era of uneasy
diplomacy.
The United States and the
countries of the former
Soviet Union continue to
cooperate and maintain a
cautious peace.
• John F. Kennedy
• Lyndon Johnson
• détente
• Richard M. Nixon
• SALT
• Ronald Reagan
• Star Wars
Assessment
5
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The Cold War Thaws
Section
5
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Indicate each U.S. president’s contribution to Cold War
tensions.
Tensions Increased
Tensions Decreased
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
continued . . .
5
HOME
The Cold War Thaws
Section
5
Assessment
2. Do you think it was a wise political move for Nixon
to visit Communist China and the Soviet Union? Why
or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the Cuban missile crisis
• realpolitik
• public sentiment after the Vietnam War
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Wise—Nuclear war threatened the world and any efforts
made to weaken the threat were good; Communist China
was becoming a power that could not be ignored.
Unwise—By meeting with officials in China and the
Soviet Union, Nixon was condoning communism and
undermining efforts to contain it.
End of Section 5