Download Chapter 2: Cell Processes and Energy

Chapter 2: Cell Processes and Energy
Energy in Living Things
-Every living thing needs _____________.
-The ________ of living things need energy too.
-The ______ is the __________ or ___________ source of
energy for most living things.
Photosynthesis
-________________ is the process by which a cell ____________
in sunlight and uses it to _______________.
-______________—organisms that make their own food.
Examples: _________________________________
-Two stages of Photosynthesis:
*Stage 1: ____________ captures the energy from sunlight.
*Stage 2: The captured light energy is used to produce
__________ and ___________ from _________
and ____________.
-Water (_____) enters the plant through the ________ and
____________ to the __________.
-Carbon Dioxide (_______) enters the plant through ________
in the leaves.
- In the ________________, water and carbon dioxide
undergo several ___________________ powered by the light
energy.
-The products are ____________ and ____________.
-Glucose is ________ for food or _________ in other forms to
be used later.
-Some of the __________ is used to ______________ the
____________ molecules and _________________.
-The rest is ____________ to the ________________ through
the stomata.
The Photosynthesis Equation
-Chemists use ___________ to summarize chemical reactions.
-The equation for photosynthesis is:
Cellular Respiration
-_________________________ is the process by which cells
___________________from _____________.
-The ________________ of the glucose molecule are broken to
release energy.
-____________ carry out respiration continuously.
-Respiration happens in the ___________________.
The Respiration Equation
-The equation for respiration is:
Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration
-Photosynthesis and respiration can be thought of as
__________________.
-During photosynthesis, plants ______________________ and
_________________.
-During respiration, organisms __________________ and
______________________.
-This keeps the _________ of both gases _____________ in
Earth’s atmosphere.
Fermentation
-_________________ provides ___________ for cells
_________________________.
*The ___________ of energy released from each sugar
molecule is ______________ than the amount released
during respiration.
-Two types of Fermentation
*_________________________--occurs when _________
break down ___________. Alcohol, carbon dioxide and a
small amount of energy are the products. Yeast is used by
__________ and ____________.
*_________________________--occurs during
___________________. Muscles use oxygen faster than
you can replace it so fermentation begins to supply
additional energy. _________________ is produced and
causes ____________________.
Cell Division
-Cells _________ and ___________ through a process called
the _________________.
-Three main stages to the cell cycle:
*________________--a period of cell growth, development,
and DNA replication.
*_______________--division of the nucleus
*_______________--cytoplasm (cell) division
-Cells in your body that _______________________ such as
__________ and _________ cells, are always in ____________
-Cells that __________________, such as your ______________
go through the _______________.
-Cells spend most of their time in ________________.
Details of Interphase
-____________: the cell grows to its full size.
-_________________: DNA is long, thin and inside the
nucleus. It is called ___________________ and it
begins to make a ________ of itself.
-_________________: cell makes ___________ that
will be used in division.
Details of Mitosis
-The ____________ and its contents ___________ by the
process of ______________.
-Mitosis happens in phases:
*__________________
*__________________
*__________________
*__________________
-In ________________ chromatin condenses to form
________________. They are short, thick and
double-stranded. The nuclear membrane ___________.
____________________ form.
-In ________________ chromosomes ____________ in
the __________ of the cell and attach to spindle fibers.
-During ______________, the chromosomes ________
and are __________ by spindle fibers to ____________
(poles) of the cell.
-During _______________, the chromosomes again
become long and thin. ______________________
and the cytoplasm is ready to divide.
Details of Cytokinesis
-________________(division of the cytoplasm) occurs last,
forming two new cells.
-The two new cells are called ___________________.
-They are _____________ to the first cell and have the exact
____________________ of chromosomes.
Meiosis
-_________________ (sperm and egg cells) are produced
through a process known as ________________.
-Gamete cells are not identical to the parent cell. They only have
_______________________________.
-Just like body cells, gamete cells pass through ______________
-Just like mitosis, meiosis happens in phases. However, the
_______________________________.
-Phases of Meiosis: there are two divisions, each with four phases
First Cell Division:
Second Cell Division:
*___________________
*___________________
*___________________
*___________________
*___________________
*___________________
*___________________
*___________________
-In ___________________, double-stranded
chromosome _________ come together.
-In ___________________, the chromosome ________
line up in the ___________ of the cell and attach to
spindle fibers.
-In ___________________, chromosome _______
separate; reducing the number of chromosomes in each
new cell to __________
-In ___________________, the cell divides into ________
Chromosomes are still __________________.
-In ___________________, the spindle fibers __________
-In ___________________, the ______________________
in the middle of the cell and attach to spindle fibers.
-In ___________________, the _____________________
separate and move towards the poles.
-In ___________________, the cell divides for the
____________________. The nuclear membrane
reforms. _________________________ have been
produced. Each with _________ the number of
______________________.
Fertilization
-The full number of chromosomes is restored during
____________________--the joining of sperm and egg cell.
-______________--first cell of a new organism.
-Human gamete cells have ________________________
-Human zygote cells have _________________________
-After fertilization, a zygote goes through ______________
and the organism develops.
DNA
-___________________ are made of ________molecules
-DNA-_________________________________
*found in the ____________ of the cell
*control’s the cell’s activities through ___________________
*often called: “_______________________________”
*its structure was discovered in 1953 by __________________
and ___________________________
*DNA is described as a ________________(twisted ladder)
*The sides of the ladder are made of alternating
_______________________ and _____________________
*The rungs of the ladder are composed of
____________________________:
Adenine ( )
Thymine ( )
Guanine ( )
Cytosine ( )
“A” _____________ “T”
“G” ____________ “C”
*The ___________ of these pairs determines your
characteristics. It is your “ ___________________”
*These _______________________ when DNA copies
itself. The molecule _____________ itself and each strand is
is copied.
*The end result is ____________________________________.
-The section of DNA that directs the making of a specific
protein is called a __________.
RNA
-RNA--________________________: carries the genetic codes
for making proteins from the ____________ to the
____________________
-It is ______________________ instead of double-stranded
-________________(U) replaces ________________(T)
-Two types are made:
*____________________________--made from DNA
in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus and attaches to a
ribosome. It _________________ for making a protein.
*____________________________--helps translate the
message and ______________________________
needed to make the protein.
What is Cancer?
-_______________--a disease in which cell grow and
_________________________, damaging the parts of the body
around them.
*Over _____________ of cancer
*Can happen in almost _______________ of the body
*Begins when a _______________ occurs in a cell
*The mutated cell divides over and over producing a _________
*Cancer cells ________________ and _______________
-Treating cancer: Three methods
1. __________________--remove the tumor
2. __________________--use beams of high energy waves to
kill cancer cells
3. __________________--use drugs to kill cancer cells
-Preventing cancer: Three ways
1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. ________________________ from bright sun