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Name:______________________________ Period:______ Test Date:____________ Quiz Date:___________ Introduction to Ecology – Unit 5A Directions: Use your book to complete the questions/outline below. These are your notes! Be thorough! What is Ecology? (pgs 63-64) A. Ecology is the study of _________________________________________________________________________. B. Ecological levels of organization (from smallest to largest): Learning Target #1 Species:_________________________________________________________________________________ Populations:______________________________________________________________________________ Community:_______________________________________________________________________________ Ecosystem:_______________________________________________________________________________ Biome:___________________________________________________________________________________ Biosphere:________________________________________________________________________________ What Shapes an Ecosystem? (pg 90) A. Biotic & Abiotic Factors Learning Target #2 Biotic factors:______________________________________________________________________________ o Examples:_________________________________________________________________________ Abiotic factors:_____________________________________________________________________________ o Examples:_________________________________________________________________________ What do biotic and abiotic factors determine? Energy Flow (pgs 67-71) Learning Targets #3 & #4 All living things require energy. The ultimate source of energy for all living things on Earth is the: _______. A. Producers: Organisms that are able to capture energy from sunlight or chemical and use it to produce food are known as:__________________. Because these organisms make their own food they are also called:____________________. Differentiate between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Be sure to include examples of organisms who undergo each process. o Photosynthesis: What type of gas exchange occurs during this process? o Chemosynthesis: B. Consumers: Organisms that rely on other organism for their energy and food supply are called: ____________________. Heterotrophs are also called: ___________________. Types of consumers: o Herbivores: ___________________________________________________________________________ o Examples: _________________________________________________ o Carnivores:____________________________________________________________________________ o Examples: _________________________________________________ o Omnivores: ___________________________________________________________________________ o Examples: _________________________________________________ o Detritivores: ___________________________________________________________________________ o Examples: _________________________________________________ o Decomposers: _________________________________________________________________________ C. Feeding Relationships: In an ecosystem energy flows in one direction from the sun ____________ _____________ Energy stored by producers can be passed through an ecosystem along a: _______________________. A food chain is: __________________________________________________________________________. **The arrow in a food chain or food web always means “is consumed by”** Draw an example of a food chain illustrating 4 organisms: What is a food web? Why is a food web a better representation of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem (compared to a food chain)? Ecologists assign every organism in a food chain or web to a _____________________ which is determined by the organism’s source of energy. o ____________________ always make up the first trophic level. o The 2nd trophic level is known as the ___________________________ and is always a _______________. o At the 3rd trophic level are __________________________________ and are organisms which eat _________________________. o At the 4th trophic level are ___________________________ which are _________________ which consume other ______________________. Ecological Pyramids & the 10% Rule (pgs 72-73) Learning Target #5 An ecological pyramid is a: ____________________________________________________________________________. A. 10% Rule state that: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________. What happens to the other 90%?? B. C. D. Energy Pyramid: What does an energy pyramid represent? How much energy is passed from trophic level to trophic level? What happens to the rest of the energy? Biomass Pyramid: What is a biomass? How is a biomass usually expressed? What does a biomass pyramid represent? How much of a biomass is passed from trophic level to trophic level? Where is the greatest biomass located on the pyramid? Pyramid of Numbers: What does a pyramid of numbers represent?