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United States History Study Guide Pitt County Schools United States History Study Guide August 2005 2 United States History Study Guide Table of Contents Sample Activities For Students ...............................................................................4 GOAL 1 .....................................................................................................................5 GOAL 2 ...................................................................................................................11 GOAL 3 ...................................................................................................................17 GOAL 4 ...................................................................................................................23 GOAL 5 ...................................................................................................................27 GOAL 6 ...................................................................................................................33 GOAL 7 ...................................................................................................................37 GOAL 8 ...................................................................................................................43 GOAL 9 ...................................................................................................................49 GOAL 10 .................................................................................................................55 GOAL 11 .................................................................................................................63 GOAL 12 .................................................................................................................69 August 2005 3 United States History Study Guide Sample Activities For Students For each goal: 1. Reorganize the key terms into appropriate categories (on the review sheet, all key terms were placed in alphabetical order). 2. Rewrite the concept statements into essay questions and develop an outline with a thesis statement that would answer the questions. Try use as many of the goal’s key terms in the outline as possible. 3. Place the key terms in chronological order. Identify key terms that fit into multiple timeframes. Explain why. 4. Create an annotated goal map by assigning each key term to an appropriate location. Place the number of the key term onto a blank map of the United States. Write your explanation on the back of the map (use extra paper if needed). August 2005 4 United States History Study Guide GOAL 1 Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820) The learner will identify, investigate, and assess the effectiveness of the institutions of the emerging republic. 1.01 Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. 1.02 Analyze the political freedoms available to the following groups prior to 1820: women, wage earners, landless farmers, American Indians, African Americans, and other ethnic groups. 1.03 Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. Key Concepts Establishment of federal power and supremacy over the states Development of the first two-party system Strict and loose interpretation of Constitution Conflicts with American Indians The status of slavery during The Federalist Era The place of women in the society during The disparities between classes in the new nation Early foreign policy The failure of peaceful coercion Freedom of the high seas and shipping rights The impact of European events on United States foreign policy August 2005 5 United States History Study Guide Key Terms Adams-Onis Treaty Alien and Sedition Acts Battle of New Orleans Bill of Rights Convention of 1800 Cotton Gin Democratic-Republican Party Election of 1800 Emancipation Embargo Act 1807 Federalist Party Hamilton’s Economic Plan Hartford Convention (1814) Impressments of seamen Jay’s Treaty Judiciary Act of 1789 Laissez-faire Louisiana Purchase Marbury v. Madison, (1803) Marshall, John Midnight Judges Necessary Evil Pinckney’s Treaty President Washington’s Farewell Address President Washington’s Proclamation Neutrality Suffrage requirements Tecumseh Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Greenville 1796 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions War Hawks War of 1812 Whiskey Rebellion Whitney, Eli XYZ Affair August 2005 6 United States History Study Guide Adams-Onis Treaty Alien and Sedition Acts Battle of New Orleans Bill of Rights Convention of 1800 Cotton Gin DemocraticRepublican Party Election of 1800 Emancipation Embargo Act 1807 Federalist Party Hamilton’s Economic Plan Hartford Convention (1814) Impressments of seamen 1819 Secretary of State John Q Adams makes a treaty with Spain. Spain gives up Florida and its claims on the Oregon territory to the U.S. 1798, Four laws. An effort to stop foreigners who tried to influence US policy towards England and France. Raised citizenship requirements from 5 to 14 years. Suppressed “false, malicious statements” against the government. Resented by Democratic-Republican opponents of President Adams. Andrew “Old Hickory” Jackson’s most celebrated military victory. Repels a British invasion of New Orleans. Victory comes after a ceasefire that ended the War of 1812 between the US and England. The first 10 amendments to the US constitution. Protects individual civil rights from government abuse. Key issue in ratification of the constitution by states. Treaty between the US and France. France promises to respect US shipping rights, end impressments, pay damages to ship owners and grant US a favorable trade status. 1794. Invented by Eli Whitney. Made the de-seeding of cotton faster. Increased the amount of cotton planted and the number of slaves imported into the US. Party founded by Jefferson and Madison. Believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution, the common man and powerful state governments. Old Anti-Federalists. Jefferson defeats Adams. Jefferson ties in balloting with Aaron Burr. Hamilton supports Jefferson over Burr for President. Jefferson begins to lessen the ceremony of the presidency. Inauguration speech, “We are all Democratic-Republicans, we are all Federalists.” The campaign to release slaves by Northern religious groups and abolitionists. Under Jefferson’s leadership, Congress bans all trade with other countries to force France and England to recognize US shipping rights. Ruins New England’s economy and they opposed it. Party established by Adams and Hamilton. Believed in a loose interpretation of the constitution, the wealthy as the best leaders in society and a strong national government. Report on Public Credit. Hamilton’s plan to establish financial stability and credit for the US by the federal government's assumption of state debts. (Assumption Bill), places an excise tax on whiskey, issues bonds to pay loans to creditors and creates a national bank. Controversial due to the plan benefiting the wealthy and using a loose interpretation of the constitution to create the national bank. Capital moved to south, Washington, DC to get the Assumption Bill passed. Opposed by Jefferson. Secret Federalist meeting during the War of 1812. New Englanders discussed a separate peace with England, proposed several amendments to the constitution and discussed the negative impact of the war on trade. Meeting terminated when the US won the Battle of New Orleans. Helped to bring an end to the Federalists party. The kidnapping of American sailors by the British and French for the purpose of serving on warships during a time of US neutrality. One of the major causes of the War of 1812. August 2005 7 United States History Study Guide Jay’s Treaty Treaty favorable to the British made by John Jay, Chief Justice of the US. Allowed British to continue fur trade in NW Territory – angered western fur trappers in the Appalachian region. Washington and Congress create a federal court system, headed by the 6 Judiciary Act of man Supreme Court. Allowed cases from state courts to be appealed to 1789 the federal court system when a constitutional issue was at stake. Economic policy in which the government does not regulate business Laissez-faire more than necessary. Associated with capitalism, derived from French for “leave alone” Louisiana Purchase Land purchase of the Louisiana territory from France in order to keep an aggressive nation out of North America. Jefferson pays $15 for a land area that doubles the size of the US. Access to Mississippi River and New Orleans is guaranteed for the US. Jefferson is not sure if constitution allows for purchase of land – violated his own strict interpretation of constitution. Marbury v. Madison, Supreme Court case decided by Federalist John Marshall. Case arises from the appointment of the “Midnight Judges” by Adams. Supreme (1803) Court has the right to interpret the law and declare it unconstitutional Judicial Review. Federalist Chief Justice of the United States. Always increases the power Marshall, John of the federal government in Fletcher v Peck, Gibbons v Ogden, Dartmouth case. Judges appointed by Adams after his term expired in 1801. Attempt to Midnight Judges “stack” the judiciary with Federalists, since he had lost the election of 1800. Resulted in a Supreme Court case, Marbury v Madison, when Jefferson and Madison refused to deliver the commissions naming the judges to their courts. A common view of slavery in the South that while morally wrong, Necessary Evil slavery was a necessity of the southern agricultural economy. 1795. Treaty between US and Spain. Spain gives up all land east of the Pinckney’s Treaty Mississippi River, except Florida. Agreement on 31st parallel as the border between the US and Spanish Florida After 2 terms as president, Washington warns of divisions created by President political parties, says US should avoid foreign alliances and encourage Washington’s trade with all nations equally. Farewell Address Mainstay of U.S. foreign policy until World War I. During the President Napoleonic wars between France and England, Washington keeps the Washington’s US out of the war, but insists that the US has the right to trade with each Proclamation side. Neutrality In order to vote, citizens had to be male, free and own property. Suffrage requirements Shawnee war chief who felt the only way for Native Americans to keep Tecumseh their lands was to actively fight against Americans in a Native American confederacy. Treaty signed in 1814 between US and England which ended the War of Treaty of Ghent 1812, but did not specifically address the cause of the war – impressments. Treaty of Greenville Miami Confederacy agrees to give up most of Ohio in exchange for $20,000 and a yearly sum of $10,000. US gains control of Northwest 1796 Territory. August 2005 8 United States History Study Guide Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions War Hawks War of 1812 Whiskey Rebellion Whitney, Eli XYZ Affair Document written by Madison and Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Outlines compact theory of government and states’ rights ideals. Congressmen of the South and West who favor war with England in 1812. Led by Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun. Two year long war between the US and England, due to impressments and British occupation of the Northwest Territory. The US fails to successfully invade Canada, the British burn Washington, DC. Francis Key writes the poem, “The Star Spangled Banner” while Ft. McHenry is bombarded in Baltimore. England tires of an expensive war, makes peace. Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans, post war. Victory leads to the Era of Good Feelings. Revolt in western Pennsylvania aimed at abolishing the tax on corn whiskey imposed by Hamilton’s financial plan. When Washington speedily ends the rebellion with military force, this proves the power of the new constitutional government. Inventor of the cotton gin and innovator in the use of interchangeable parts. Incident between US diplomatic representatives and French ambassadors in which French demand a bribe and loan before they will discuss the issue with impressments with US representatives. US responds with “million for defense, but not one cent for tribute” and in 1798 creates the US Navy and gives ships the right to seize French ships. August 2005 9 United States History Study Guide August 2005 10 United States History Study Guide GOAL 2 Goal 2: Expansion and Reform (1801-1850) - The learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism. 2.01 Analyze the effects of territorial expansion and the admission of new states to the Union. 2.02 Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language. 2.03 Distinguish between the economic and social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism. 2.04 Assess political events, issues, and personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism. 2.05 Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness. 2.06 Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements and issues. Key Concepts The rationale for and the consequences of Manifest Destiny Federal Indian policy before The Civil War The political and economic importance of the West Cultural expressions of patriotism Celebrating the common man and the American way of life Influence of the Transcendentalist Movement Transformation of life in the early industrial revolution Cultural polarization of Antebellum America Political agendas of antebellum leaders Concepts of “Jacksonian Democracy” Slave Revolts States’ Rights Era of Good Feelings Women’s Rights Temperance Movement Improvement of social institutions (prisons, mental health, education) Development of Utopian Communities Second Great Awakening Moral Dilemma of Slavery The Abolitionist Movement August 2005 11 United States History Study Guide Key Terms 1st Industrial Revolution 49ers 54-40 or Fight! Abolitionist Alamo American System Anthony, Susan B. Austin, Stephen Brook Farm Clay, Henry Cooper, James Fennimore corrupt bargain Cotton Kingdom Deere, John Dix, Dorothea Douglass, Frederick Election of 1824 Election of 1832 Election of 1840 Election of 1844 Emerson, Ralph Waldo Era of Good Feelings Erie Canal Finney, Charles G. Fulton, Robert Gadsden Purchase Garrison, William Lloyd Grimke Sisters Jackson, Andrew Hawthorne, Nathaniel Hudson River School of Artists Indian Removal Act 1830 Irving, Washington Know-Nothings Lewis and Clark Manifest Destiny Mann, Horace McCormick, Cyrus McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Mexican War Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Morse, Samuel Mott, Lucretia Nat Turner’s Rebellion Nativism Neoclassical Architecture New Harmony Oneida Oregon Trail Panic of 1819 Pet Banks Poe, Edgar Allen Prison Reform Rehabilitation Seneca Falls Convention Sequoyah South Carolina Exposition and Protest South Carolina Nullification Crisis spoils system Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Suffrage Tariff Tariff of Abomination Texas Annexation Thoreau, Henry David Tocqueville, Alex de Trail of Tears Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Truth, Sojourner Utopian Communities Walker, David Webster, Noah Whig Party Universal white male suffrage Whitney, Eli Wilmot Proviso Worchester v. Georgia, 1832 August 2005 12 United States History Study Guide 1st Industrial Revolution 49ers 54-40 or Fight! Abolitionist Alamo American System Anthony, Susan B. Austin, Stephen Brook Farm Clay, Henry Cooper, James Fennimore corrupt bargain Cotton Kingdom Deere, John Dix, Dorothea Douglass, Frederick Election of 1824 Election of 1832 Election of 1840 Election of 1844 Emerson, Ralph Waldo Social and economic reorganization that took place when machines took the place of hand tools, and large-scale factory production developed in the north (New England); began in Britain in the mid-18th century. Americans lured to CA in 1849 with the discovery of gold, increased migration to CA by over 100% from 1848-1850. Slogan used by supporters of Pres. James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny, referred to the latitude of the northern limit of the disputed Oregon Territory. British agreed to extend the border between Canada and the U.S. at 49th Latitude to the Pacific. Opposed slavery. Tied particularly to religious leaders who believed slavery was a sin. Abandoned mission used as a fort by a small force of Texans besieged by General Santa Anna, all killed by Mexican army in Dec. 1835. Pres. James Madison’s 3-part plan devised to strengthen the American economy, strongly promoted by Henry Clay: 1. develop transportation systems and other internal improvements 2. Established a protective tariff 3. reestablish a national bank. One of the first female rights activists, leader at the Seneca Falls Convention, firmly committed to female suffrage. Established one of the initial colonies of American settlers in TX. Utopian settlement located near Boston. KY Senator of the first ½ of the 19th cent., supported programs to strengthen and unify the US. Nicknamed “The Great Compromiser.” Early American author (Deer Hunter, Last of the Mohicans) helped establish an American literary tradition and American nationalism. Deal between John Q. Adams and Henry Clay in which Clay persuaded enough members in the House of Reps. to throw their support to Adams in the disputed Election of 1824 between Adams and Jackson, soon after Clay appointed Sec. of State. Term used to describe the wealth and economic dependence the Southeastern US had on cotton before the Civil War. Invented the steel plow, allowed farmers on the Great Plains to more easily plow through the tough, dry soil. Crusader for the rights of the mentally ill, established several hospitals dedicated to their care. Educated runaway Maryland slave, became the foremost abolitionist. John Q. Adams v Andrew Jackson, disputed presidential election in which Corrupt Bargain took place. Jackson won reelection in the midst of the Nullification Crisis, while at odds with his VICE PRESIDENT J.C. Calhoun. Incumbent Martin Van Buren defeated by William Henry Harrison, whose running mate was John Tyler, chosen only to get Southern votes, not because he agreed Whig policies, Harrison quickly died and Tyler became Pres. James K. Polk defeated John Tyler, ushered in an era of unprecedented US expansionist policies Early American transcendentalist writer, promoted a simple life based on truth found in nature, personal emotion, and imagination. August 2005 13 United States History Study Guide 1816-1824 Brief period of 1 major political party (Democratic Republicans) Established the American System. Opened in 1825, linked Lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River. Finney, Charles G. Revivalist preacher credited with starting the Second Great Awakening. Built the first Steam Ship (Clermont) in 1807. Fulton, Robert Gadsden Purchase Small Southwestern strip of land purchased by US from Mexico in 1853 for $10 million with the intent of building a southern transcontinental railroad. Garrison, William Outspoken New England abolitionist and editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. Lloyd Sarah and Angelina- daughters of SC planter, worked as abolitionists in Grimke Sisters the south, exiled for their work. 7th President of the U.S. Represented the “rise of the common man” with Jackson, Andrew universal white man suffrage. Hero of the Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812). Indian fighter and later gains political strength from Indian Removal Act of 1830. Strengthened the presidency with veto power. Early American New England author (Scarlet Letter), promoted Puritan Hawthorne, values and ethics. Nathaniel Early American artists who depicted the natural and seemingly boundless Hudson River wonders of the new American landscape. School of Artists Passed by Congress under Jackson, federal government was to provide Indian Removal funds to negotiate treaties that would force Indians to move West. Act 1830 New York author (Knickerbocker’s History of New York)- “Rip Van Irving, Winkle” “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” first American author appreciated Washington by Europeans. Nativist American group of the first ½ of the 19th century dedicated to Know-Nothings undermining equal rights for immigrants. Captains of the expedition commissioned by Jefferson to explore the LA Lewis and Clark Purchase in 1804. Belief that God wanted America to expand to the west……and beyond. Manifest Destiny Led to Mexican War. 1st Secretary of Education in Massachusetts, established teacher training Mann, Horace programs and instituted curriculum reforms. McCormick, Cyrus Invented automatic reaper in 1840s, allowed fewer laborers to harvest more acres of wheat, caused many farm workers to move to cities. Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that McCulloch v. Maryland couldn’t tax the Bank of the US- strengthened federal authority. Maryland, 1819 Expansionist war undertaken by Pres. James K. Polk in the late 1840s in Mexican War which the US gained about ½ of Mexico’s territory- reopened the question of the expansion of slavery into new territory. 1820 Compromise authored by Henry Clay on slave expansion issue, MO Missouri became a slave state and ME became a free state (to maintain Compromise Congressional balance), all future US territories south of MO’s southern border (36/30) would be slave, north of it would be free. Pres. James Monroe’s 1823 statement that further European colonization Monroe Doctrine in the New World wouldn’t be tolerated, hastily issued in post-War of 1812 nationalism, lacked strength to back it up. Inventor of telegraph (1837). Vastly increased the speed of Morse, Samuel communication across great distances. Era of Good Feelings Erie Canal August 2005 14 United States History Study Guide Mott, Lucretia Nat Turner’s Rebellion Nativism Neoclassical Architecture New Harmony Oneida Oregon Trail Panic of 1819 Pet Banks Poe, Edgar Allen Prison Reform Rehabilitation Seneca Falls Convention Sequoyah South Carolina Exposition and Protest South Carolina Nullification Crisis spoils system Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Suffrage Tariff Tariff of Abomination Texas Annexation Thoreau, Henry David Prominent abolitionist and women’s rights activist throughout the 19th century. 1831 rebellion started by a VA slave who believed he received divine messages telling him the time was right for a rebellion, gathered 80 followers who killed 60 whites, Turner eventually captured and executed. Greatly increased tensions between whites and blacks across the South. Feeling of native-born Americans that immigrants were being given too much control over America. American attempt to copy Greek and Roman styles of architecture. Indiana utopian settlement. New York community founded in 1848 that encouraged free love, birth control, and eugenic selection of parents. Trail from Independence, MO to Portland, OR carried thousands of immigrants west in the middle 1800s. A chain reaction of bank failures, falling land prices, and foreclosures, most related to overspeculation in westward lands. Created a major distrust of the 2nd National Bank as the cause of hard times. State banks in which Jackson deposited all federal funds in his attempt to kill the Band of the United States. Early American author, first to define American horror genre. Changes in penal institutions that emphasized rehabilitation (mid-19th century). Idea that punishment should be used to reform the imprisoned so that they may reenter society as productive citizens. 1848 women’s rights meeting at which the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments was presented. Cherokee Indian credited with establishing a written version of his language to help spread literacy among the Cherokee tribe. John C. Calhoun’s 1828 pamphlet which outlined his belief on why states should be able to nullify federal actions. Used to justify protecting states’ rights and eventually secession. SC’s 1832 action to nullify the so-called Tariff of Abominations. Acted on the South Carolina Exposition and Protest. Jackson threatens force and South Carolina backs down. Political practice of giving one’s supporters government jobs regardless of merit. Women’s rights activist who helped lead the Seneca Falls Convention, continued to fight for female suffrage. The right to vote. 1830s property qualifications dropped creating universal white male suffrage. Tax on imports. Major revenue of the U.S. government in the 19th century. 1828 tariff on manufactured goods, South’s term for it because they had to pay inflated prices on manufactured goods while the cost of their cotton remained the same US takeover of TX in 1845, 7 years after Texans invited the US to do so, hotly contested in Congress because of slavery expansion issue Early American transcendentalist author (Walden), practiced early form of civil disobedience August 2005 15 United States History Study Guide Tocqueville, Alex de Trail of Tears Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo Truth, Sojourner Utopian Communities Walker, David Webster, Noah Whig Party universal white male suffrage Whitney, Eli Wilmot Proviso Worchester v. Georgia, 1832 French writer who expanded the idea of American democracy and advocated prison reform in America 1838-1839 mass exodus of the remaining Cherokee in the Southeastern US to Western Indian Territories (800 mile trip). Treaty that ended the Mexican War, US gained Mexican Cession, about ½ of Mexico’s territory and much of the present-day Southwestern US. Runaway slave who traveled the nation speaking on abolition. Spoke at Seneca Falls Convention. Communities established in the mid-19th century based on the idea that all individuals receive equal shares of wealth for an equal amount of work. Free black who, in his 1829 work Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. Encouraged slaves to fight for their freedom rather than wait for the end of slavery. Main editor of Webster’s Dictionary, which standardized the English language in the US Early American political party that favored wealthy northern merchants and bankers opposed to Jackson. Idea that as US democracy progressed voting restrictions on white males were eased allowing Jackson’s popularity in the Election of 1824 and finally his victory in the Election of 1828. Inventor of cotton gin, increased profitability of cotton production, and the need for African slaves. Amendment to a Congressional provision that if passed would have guaranteed that slavery wouldn’t be extended into any part of the Mexican Cession. Supreme Court ruling that GA wasn’t entitled to regulate or invade Cherokee lands. Jackson overstepped his presidential powers by refusing to abide by the ruling. August 2005 16 United States History Study Guide GOAL 3 Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction (1848-1877) - The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation. 3.01 Trace the economic, social, and political events from the Mexican War to the outbreak of the Civil War. 3.02 Analyze and assess the causes of the Civil War. 3.03 Identify political and military turning points of the Civil War and assess their significance to the outcome of the conflict. 3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction came to an end. 3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the national government. Key Concepts The debate on the expansion of Slavery Weak Presidential Leadership Growing Sectionalism Rise of the Republican Party The role of slavery Economics and expansion of the geographic regions Interpretations of the 10th Amendment Immediate causes of the war Key turning points of the war New military technology Strategies of both sides Major political and military leaders European support Executive Powers Resistance to the war effort Effects of Military occupation Limits on presidential and congressional power Development of a new labor system Reconstruction: resistance and decline Enfranchisement and Civil Rights Reorganization of southern social, economic, and political systems Supremacy of The federal government The question of secession Dwindling support for civil rights August 2005 17 United States History Study Guide Key Terms 13th amendment 14th amendment 15th amendment African-American participation Anaconda Plan Antietam Anti-slavery movement Appomattox Court House Black Codes Bleeding Kansas Booth, John Wilkes Brown, John Carpetbaggers Civil Rights Act of 1866 Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1877 Confederation Copperheads Davis, Jefferson Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Election of 1860 Election of 1864 Election of 1876 Emancipation Proclamation First Battle of Bull Run/ Manassas Fort Sumter, S.C. Free Soil Party Freedman’s Bureau Freeport Doctrine Fugitive Slave Act Gettysburg Gettysburg Address Grant, Ulysses S. Harper’s Ferry Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall” Jim Crow laws Johnson, Andrew Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson Kansas-Nebraska Act Ku Klux Klan Lee, Robert E. Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln-Douglas Debates McClellan, George Military/Radical reconstruction Missouri Compromise Popular Sovereignty Radical Republicans Reconstruction plans Republican Party Scalawags Secession Sharecroppers Sherman, William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea Slave codes Solid South Stevens, Thaddeus Stowe, Harriet Beecher Sumner-Brooks Incident Tenant farmers Tenure of Office Act The Whiskey Ring Tubman, Harriet Uncle Tom’s Cabin Underground Railroad Vicksburg Writ of Habeas Corpus August 2005 18 United States History Study Guide 13th amendment 14th amendment 15th amendment African-American participation Anaconda Plan Antietam Anti-slavery movement Appomattox Court House Black Codes Bleeding Kansas Booth, John Wilkes Brown, John Carpetbaggers Civil Rights Act of 1866 Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1877 Confederation Copperheads Davis, Jefferson Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Election of 1860 December 1865. Ends slavery over whole U.S. Makes slaves citizens. Says states cannot violate rights of citizens, 1867. Aimed at Black Codes. Establishes civil rights for freedmen. Gives slaves right to vote [enfranchisement] 1869. States cannot deny vote on basis of race (South found other ways to take black vote [disenfranchisement] poll tax and literacy test). During Reconstruction, 1867-1876. Blacks voted and held high offices: Lt. Gov, Senator, Representative, etc. Civil War: Union plan to cut South’s trade; blockade, dethrone King Cotton and stop Europe from helping the South [part of North’s strategy that also included capturing Richmond and cutting the South in two by taking the Mississippi River]. Sept 1862, Maryland. Lee’s first defeat. Union victory. Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation. Britain will not help the South. See emancipation proclamation. AKA Abolitionists: Leader William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, and Frederick Douglas, the North Star. Slavery is a sin! Spiritually led to their work. Tied to religion and women's movement. April 1865. Lee surrenders to Grant; Grant gives generous terms; war is over; no trials, no executions. Replaced Slave Code. Some rights but still ex Confederate States of America states restrict Freedmen’s Rights [violate their Civil Rights]. 1865-1866: North acts to end this. See 14th Amendment. 1856 Civil War in Kansas: Proslavery versus Antislavery (cause Kansas-Nebraska Act). Shows popular sovereignty won’t work. April 1865. Southern sympathizer who shoots Lincoln. 1859 Raid on arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Va. The South sees mad man and conspiracy; the North sees a hero. Northerners who came South after Civil War. Voted Republican; viewed negatively by southerners; held high offices. Congress passed laws to end Black Codes; Civil rights to all. California a free state. Stronger Fugitive Slave Law; Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession; ban slave trade in D.C. but not slavery. Lasts 10 years. South accepts Republican, Hayes as President; North agrees to end Reconstruction and withdraw troops; Election stolen from Democratic Tilden. Form of government used by Confederate States of America (CSA). Weak alliance of states; disadvantage for South in the war. Southern sympathizers in the North, mostly Democrats. Opposed Lincoln and resisted the war. Also Irish Draft riots in NY shows resistance to the war. President of the Confederate States of America (CSA), the South. Ruled blacks were not citizens. Ruled Congress could not stop slavery in the west. Angered the North. Lincoln wins over three candidates. He won electoral votes only in the North: shows Sectionalism. South secedes. Immediate causes of the war along with Fort Sumter. August 2005 19 United States History Study Guide Election of 1864 Election of 1876 Emancipation Proclamation First Battle of Bull Run/ Manassas Fort Sumter, S.C. Free Soil Party Freedman’s Bureau Freeport Doctrine Fugitive Slave Act Gettysburg Gettysburg Address Grant, Ulysses S. Harper’s Ferry Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall” Jim Crow laws Johnson, Andrew Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson Kansas-Nebraska Act Ku Klux Klan Lee, Robert E. Lincoln wins close election over Gen. McClellan. Means war will continue to victory. Republican. Hayes wins over Democratic Tilden. Disputed electoral vote leads to Compromise of 1877l Issued Sept 1862. Freed slaves in areas of Rebellion. Gave North a clear goal to end slavery. Now Europe [England and France] would not help the South. First real battle. Shows both sides long and bloody war is coming. July 1861: North’s attempt to take Richmond gets nowhere. Now it will be total war of new technology and economic out-put. April 1861. First shots. Confederate States of America (CSA) fires on Fort Sumter until it surrenders. Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down Rebellion. 1848. Committed to stopping expansion of slavery in the West because slavery was bad for blacks and poor whites. Created 1865 to help freedmen adjust. Provided education, hospitals, etc. Resented by white South. By Stephen A. Douglas, 1858. Said Western territories could stop slavery by refusing to pass laws to support it. Used to prop up Popular Sovereignty after Dred Scott decision which had said territories could not exclude slavery. Freeport Doctrine angered the South. AKA Fugitive Slave Law. Part of Compromise of 1850. The North was not willing to enforce. The South sees this unwillingness as a betrayal by the North. July 1863. Turning point. Lee’s Army is broken and retreats to Virginia. Lee now is able to fight a defensive war only. November 1863. Lincoln promises to fight on to make sure dead did not die in vain. Union General who used brute force to wear down Lee. See John Brown. Great Confederate States of America (CSA) General. Rallied South at Bull Run, wounded in battle and died of infection. 1880-90’s. South. Laws Segregate blacks and white in all public facilities. Led to Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” doctrine interpretation of the 14th Amendment. Lincoln’s Vice President, became President. April 1865, lenient reconstruction plan for the South. Protects white South. Impeached for political rather than legal reasons by radical Republicans. He avoided being removed from office by one vote. 1854 by Stephen Douglas. Part of a deal for Northern route transcontinental railroad. Allowed slavery in Louisiana Purchase where it had not been allowed by Missouri Compromise. Angered the North. Leads to “Bleeding Kansas” and Republican party formation. White Democratic Southern vigilante group terrorizes black voters after Civil War. South’s best General. Defends Richmond and heads Army of Northern Virginia. August 2005 20 United States History Study Guide President of the Union during Civil War. Fights to save the Union. Expands Presidential Powers [contrast with weak presidents of 1850s, Buchanan, who did little to stop drift toward war]. North’s victory shows supremacy of Federal Government. 1858. In Illinois senate race. Lincoln emerges as leader opposed to Lincoln-Douglas expansion of slavery. Debates Union General fired by Lincoln. Too cautious. Runs against Lincoln in McClellan, George 1864 as Democrat on Peace Platform. 1867-1876. Military occupation of South 1867 ordered by Military/Radical Congressional Radical Republicans. Put South into five military reconstruction districts. Protect the Freedmen [South resisted –KKK]. North gives up on the whole idea in 1877. White South takes back over and Freedmen lose rights gained in Reconstruction. Missouri slave state; Maine free state. Balance = slave and free state. Missouri Plus slavery banned in Louisiana Purchase north of 36°-30°. Compromise Popular Sovereignty Compromise position of Democrats and Douglas [1850’s] in debate over expansion of slavery into the Western Territories. Let people of West decide for themselves the question of slavery. Broke down in Kansas. Radical Republicans Favor punishing the South and full equality. For freedom during reconstruction, including to vote. Came to power after Lincoln’s death. Reconstruction plans 14th and 15th Amendment plus African-American participation. Also shows supremacy of Federal Government. Contrast Lincoln’s 10 percent plan, Johnson’s plan and Congressional Radical Republicans’ plan. Founded 1854 after Kansas-Nebraska Act. Committed to stopping Republican Party expansion of slavery. During Reconstruction the party in south was blacks, carpetbaggers and scalawags and it controlled Southern state governments. White southerners who joined blacks and carpetbaggers in Republican Scalawags Party. Viewed as traitors by most southerners. To withdraw from the Union. 11 states seceded to form Confederate Secession States of America (CSA). States’ rights view of constitution. Concept was based on 10th amendment; states have reserved powers that Union cannot violate. South believed they could win their independence by fighting a defensive war and getting help from Europe. Unfair economic system replaced slavery in South. Planters own land; Sharecroppers farmers shared the crop profits with landowner; sharecroppers always in debt. Sherman, William T. Total warpath of destruction throughout the South. Sherman’s March to Attempt to win by destroying South’s will and capacity to fight. the Sea Before Civil War southern state laws regulated what a slave could and Slave codes couldn’t do. Example: It was illegal to teach a slave to read. After Reconstruction control by Democratic Planters. Solid Democratic Solid South party support by the South. Lasts until the 1960’s. Many still blamed war and Reconstruction on Republicans. Radical Republican. Pushed Reconstruction plans. Stevens, Thaddeus Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852. Book helped North see slavery was Stowe, Harriet morally wrong, leading to war. Increased sectionalism. Beecher Lincoln, Abraham August 2005 21 United States History Study Guide Sumner-Brooks Incident Tenant farmers Tenure of Office Act The Whiskey Ring Tubman, Harriet Uncle Tom’s Cabin Underground Railroad Vicksburg Writ of Habeas Corpus 1856. Brooks beat Sumner in Congress. Shows split in North and South. Sumner was abolitionist. Similar to sharecropping except able to rent land up front; better off. Used to impeach Andrew Johnson when he fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, a radical Republican. The law was probably an unconstitutional violation of checks and balances and separation of powers. Corrupt tax collections in Grant administration. Cheated government of millions. Led to calls for reform in Spoils System. Key figure on Underground Railroad; targeted by Fugitive Slave Act. See Harriet Beecher Stowe. Secret escape route of slaves to North before Civil War. Turning point of the Civil War: on Mississippi River July 1863. Falls into Union hands; Grant wins. Union now controls Mississippi River and divides the South. Suspended by Lincoln in Civil War, giving him the authority to arrest, without trial, any suspected southern sympathizers in the North. May have violated the Constitution. Example of Lincoln’s expansion of presidential power. August 2005 22 United States History Study Guide GOAL 4 Goal 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860s-1896) – The learner will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation. 4.01 Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced. 4.02 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and the environment. 4.03 Describe the causes and effects of the financial difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace the rise and decline of Populism. 4.04 Describe innovations in agricultural technology and business practices and assess their impact on the West. Key Concepts Challenges of Westward Movement Motivation for Westward Movement Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad Development of cattle, ranching, and mining industries Mexican influence on the West Western movement impact on Indians Destruction of: o Buffalo o Reservation system o Cattle drives Indian wars Rise and fall of Populism Impact of laws and court cases on the farmer Growing discontent of the farmer Gold Standard vs. Bimetallism Technological improvements on farming Changing nature of farming as a business Increased dependence on the railroads August 2005 23 United States History Study Guide Key Terms A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson Barbed wire Battle of Little Big Horn Bryan, William Jennings Buffalo Soldiers Chief Joseph Chinese immigrants Colored Farmers Alliance Comstock Lode Cross of Gold Speech Dawes (Severalty) Act Farmers’ Cooperatives Greenbacks Homestead Act Horizontal integration Interlocking directorates Interstate Commerce Act Irish immigrants Mormons Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 National Farmer Alliances Nez Perce Oklahoma Land Rush Omaha Platform Populist Party Promontory Point, Utah Rebates Refrigerator car Roles of African Americans Roles of Chinese Roles of Irish Roles of women Sand Creek Massacre Smith, Joseph Sod houses Southern Alliance Steel Plow The Grange Transcontinental Railroad Vertical integration Windmill Wounded Knee Young, Brigham August 2005 24 United States History Study Guide A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson Barbed wire Battle of Little Big Horn Bryan, William Jennings Buffalo Soldiers Chief Joseph Chinese immigrants Colored Farmers Alliance Comstock Lode Cross of Gold Speech Dawes (Severalty) Act Farmers’ Cooperatives Greenbacks Homestead Act Horizontal integration Interlocking directorates Interstate Commerce Act Irish immigrants 1881 work which outlined the unfair treatment by the US government against American Indians. Invented by Joseph Glidden. Used by western farmers to fence in livestock. Helped bring about the end of open-ranging and the long drive. June 1876 battle in which Sioux forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull killed General George Custer and all of the men under his command. Democratic and Populist presidential candidate for the Election of 1896. Supported by the farmers; advocated a bimetal (silver and gold) currency as stated in his “Cross of Gold” speech. His defeat marked the end of the Populist party. Black federal soldiers who were sent west to fight Indians. Sonamed by the Indians because they believed their hair was like that of the buffalo. Leader of Nez Perce Indians in Northeastern Oregon. Forced to flee US troops in 1877; finally surrendered before his band was able to reach Canada. “I will fight no more forever.” Many Chinese came to America with the 1849 California Gold Rush; many then returned to China. Those who stayed helped build the Transcontinental Railroad; worked so hard railroad owners recruited Chinese to come to America and work. Alliance for black farmers. Boasted about 250,000 members at the peak of Populism. Large deposit of gold and silver discovered in Nevada in 1859. William Jennings Bryan 1896 speech in which he professed his belief in a bimetal standard of currency. 1887 Congressional plan to Americanize Indians by breaking up reservations and giving land to Indians as individuals. Farmers’ groups established during the time of Populism in which farmers pooled their resources to purchase goods at wholesale prices (non-profit groups). Paper currency issued during the Civil War in the amount of $450 million. Supposed to be able to redeem for gold in the future; controversy arose as to how greenbacks would be traded. 1862 law in which 160 acres of land in the West would be given to any head of household citizen (or intended citizen) if he would cultivate the land for five years. Attempt to control a market by purchasing all competition that deals in providing the same good or service (monopoly). Method of forming a monopoly or trust in which board members of one corporation sat on boards of other corporations. 1887 act that established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established the Interstate Commerce Commission. Came to the US in large numbers beginning in the mid-19th century because of the Irish potato famine. Resented Civil War Draft laws which made them feel they had to fight a war in which they didn’t believe. August 2005 25 United States History Study Guide Mormons Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 National Farmer Alliances Nez Perce Oklahoma Land Rush Omaha Platform Populist Party Promontory Point, Utah Rebates Refrigerator car Roles of African Americans Roles of Chinese Roles of Irish Roles of women Sand Creek Massacre Smith, Joseph Sod houses Southern Alliance Steel Plow The Grange Transcontinental Railroad Vertical integration Windmill Wounded Knee Young, Brigham Religious group started in New York by Joseph Smith 1827, later led by Brigham Young to Utah. Gave federal land to the states to establish agricultural colleges. Groups dedicated to educating farmers on topics ranging from the latest farming method to land ownership. Indians in Northeastern OR forced to flee US troops in 1877. Leader Chief Joseph finally surrendered before his band was able to reach Canada. Initiated by the 1889 land giveaway of two million acres in Oklahoma. Populist party platform before the Election of 1896. Major 3rd party movement calling for business regulation, coinage of silver (free silver) – see William Jennings Bryan. Location at which the Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Method used by railroad companies to charge farmers high shipping prices. Invention that allowed the transportation of perishable items over long distances. Vitally important to the meat-packing industry. Slaves, may have accompanied masters on westward journeys. Emancipated slaves went west on their own (Exodusters). Many came to California for the 1849 Gold Rush. Important laborers on the Transcontinental Railroad. Came to the US in large numbers beginning in the mid-19th century because of the Irish potato famine, resented Civil War Draft laws which made them feel they had to fight a war in which they didn’t believe. Frontier life hard on women: expected to cook clean, make and mend clothes, give birth to and raise children, help at harvest time. Col. John Chivington in 1864 in Colorado killed 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors and 500 of their women and children. Founder of the Mormon religion in 1827. Killed by a lynch mob in Illinois in 1844. Houses built of sod by settlers on the Great Plains because no timber. Largest of the Populist Farmers’ Alliances. Invented by John Deere. Allowed farmers on the Great Plains to more easily plow through the tough, dry soil. Started by Oliver Hudson Kelly in 1867 as the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers that was originally used as a social outlet, but later spent time and efforts fighting railroads. Railroad that linked the continent from East to West, joined at Promontory, Utah, in 1869. Process in which a company buys out all of its suppliers in an effort to control raw materials and transportation systems. Structure used on the Great Plains that brought underground water to the surface for irrigation. 1890 South Dakota battle between the 7th Cavalry and Sioux Indians, 300 unarmed Indians slaughtered, brought the Indian wars to an end. Mormon who assumed a leadership position among Joseph Smith’s followers after Smith was killed by a lynch mob in Illinois in 1844. Led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake in Utah. August 2005 26 United States History Study Guide GOAL 5 Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial Society (1877-1900) - The learner will describe innovations in technology and business practices and assess their impact on economic, political, and social life in America. 5.01 Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life. 5.02 Explain how business and industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded political and economic power. 5.03 Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and the lives of workers. 5.04 Describe the changing role of government in economic and political affairs. Key Concepts Urban Issues o Housing o Sanitation o Transportation The rise of ethnic neighborhoods New forms of leisure Emergence of new industries: o Railroads o Steel o Oil Changes in the ways businesses formed and consolidated power Influence of business leaders as “captains of industry” or as “robber barons” Relationship of big business to the government Influence of Darwinism, Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth Formation of labor unions Types of unions Tactics used by labor unions Opposition to labor unions Impact of law and court decisions “Laissez-Faire” government policies Operation of political machines Patronage vs. the civil service system Impact of corruption and scandal in the government The Election of 1896 (see also Goal 4.03) August 2005 27 United States History Study Guide Key Terms Addams, Jane Alger, Horatio American Federation of Labor Amusement parks Arbitration Bell, Alexander Graham Bessemer Process Captains of industry Carnegie, Andrew Child labor Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Closed shop Collective bargaining Craft unions Credit Mobilier scandal Cultural pluralism Culture shock Debs, Eugene Drake, Edwin Dumbbell tenements Edison, Thomas Electric trolleys Elevator Ellis Island Gilded Age Gompers, Samuel Gospel of Wealth Graft Great Strike (1877) Haymarket Riot, 1886 Homestead Strike, 1892 Initiative Knights of Labor Mediation Melting pot Monopoly Morgan, J. P. Mugwumps Nast, Thomas Nativism Negotiation New Immigrants Olmstead, Frederick Pendleton Act Political machines Populism Pullman Strike Recall Referendum Riis, Jacob Robber barons Rockefeller, John Secret ballot (Australian) Settlement houses Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Social Darwinism Spectator sports Standard Oil Company Strike Sweatshops Tammany Hall Telephone Unions Trust Tweed, Boss typewriter U.S. Steel Urbanization Vanderbilt family Wages Westinghouse, George Whiskey ring scandal Working conditions Yellow-dog contract August 2005 28 United States History Study Guide Leading member of the settlement house movement. In 1889, Addams founded Hull House in Chicago as a home for unwed mothers and the poor. She exemplified the “social gospel” movement by providing food, education and care for the less fortunate. American writer whose novels exemplified the “rags to riches” potential of Alger, Horatio entrepreneurial businessmen during the “Gilded Age”. Ragged Dick. 1886. A craft union, uniting skilled workers from many trades, which American worked for higher wages, safer working conditions and fewer hours for Federation of industrial workers. Led by Samuel Gompers. Labor Places of recreation in major urban areas which grew up during the Gilded Amusement Age. Workers, who now enjoyed higher pay and fewer hours, had an parks opportunity to enjoy “8 hours for what we will,” due to unions. The settlement of a dispute between laborers and management by an Arbitration impartial government representative. A part of the “collective bargaining” strategy for unions. Scottish born inventor. Significantly improved the education of the deaf and Bell, Alexander hard of hearing before inventing the telephone. The telephone allowed Graham instant communication for businesses in America. Allowed industries to coordinate business activities, coast to coast. Bessemer Process An industrial process that allowed raw iron to be turned into high quality steel, cheaply. The “new steel” allowed the building of suspension bridges, better railroads, and skyscrapers during the 2nd Industrial Revolution. Positive perception of business leaders during the Gilded Age. Captains of industry Billionaire steel and railroad owner. Scottish immigrant who used vertical Carnegie, integration to make the Carnegie Steel Company the world’s largest Andrew producer of steel. His “robber baron” business tactics were leavened by extreme philanthropy. He gave away his entire fortune to the Carnegie Peace Endowment. The practice of employing children as young as 5 years old in mines, farms Child labor and factories. Before compulsory education, some children worked 8-12 hour days. Work activities were so stressful that children often had poor health, misshapen bones, or died due to industrial accidents. Due to fears of Chinese immigrants taking West Coast jobs, Congress Chinese passed a law to exclude all Chinese immigrants except students, teachers, Exclusion Act, tourists, and merchants. 1882 An agreement between labor and management in which no non-union Closed shop member will be allowed to work in a business. Eventually abolished by the Taft-Hartley Act. The right of labor unions to negotiate as a group with management, rather Collective than individually. This right was later guaranteed by the Wagner Act, bargaining passed during the New Deal. Unions of skilled workers organized by trade. A forerunner to the Craft unions “umbrella” unions of the AFL and CIO. A Gilded Age scandal. The Credit Mobilier company was paid exorbitant Credit Mobilier fees for laying track for the Union Pacific Railroad. 20 members of scandal Congress also profited from this illegal enterprise. Cost was passed on to the tax payer and the railroad traveler. Addams, Jane August 2005 29 United States History Study Guide Cultural pluralism Culture shock Debs, Eugene Drake, Edwin Dumbbell tenements Edison, Thomas Electric trolleys Elevator Ellis Island Gilded Age Gompers, Samuel Gospel of Wealth Graft Haymarket Riot, 1886 Homestead Strike, 1892 Initiative Knights of Labor Mediation The ideal of accepting the validity and worth of other cultures’ attitudes and actions. This value became more important during the late 1800s as immigrants swelled the population of the U.S. The condition of feeling unfamiliar or confused by the dominant culture of a new place. Many immigrants to the US were unfamiliar with the language, ideals and social values of the United States during the late 1800s. Socialist, labor leader. Debs would advocate for better pay and work conditions for railroad workers though the American Railway Union. Later, he would become an advocate for workers across America. His anti-war speeches during WWI would violate the Espionage and Sedition Act and cause him to serve 6 years in jail. Pioneer in the oil industry. He sunk the first profitable oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. 1859 A poorly ventilated, dark apartment complex with cramped rooms and communal baths. The premier American inventor and the holder of 1,093 patents. He would be responsible for establishing one of the world’s first industrial research at Meno Park, N.J. Incandescent light bulb, movie camera, and phonograph. A form of mass transportation used in urban areas. This allowed workers to live in the less crowded suburbs, but work and shop in the central city. Contributed to urban sprawl. Makes building and use of high rise skyscrapers possible and convenient Along with Angel Island in California, Ellis Island, NY was one of the main terminals for immigrants to enter the US. New Arrivals were subjectrd to health inspections, had to have cash, had to prove they could work and often had to wait for over a day to be processed. An age of corruption, related to industrial productivity and entrepreneurial wealth during the late 1870s-1890s. Labor leader and first president of the AFL. The belief that rich entrepreneurs were responsible for helping society by building libraries, endowing colleges and medical schools. Andrew Carnegie was an example of this philosophy. The illegal taking of bribes or kickbacks by a municipal official in exchange for speeding up a legal process or ignoring illegal activity. A crowd of 3,000 workers protested police brutality at the McCormick Harvester Plant in Chicago. Anarchists threw a bomb at the police who were keeping order in the square. This event would discredit the labor union movement in the U.S. Workers at the Carnegie Steel Company strike due to a reduction in wages. Because of violence, 3 policemen and 9 workers die, afterwards support for the strike and labor unions declined. A Progressive era reform allowing the voters of a state to propose a law to their legislature for debate and possible passage. Led by Uriah Stevens, this labor union was open to all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, color or trade. It advocated for an 8 hour day and equal pay for women and men. The settlement of a dispute between laborers and management by an impartial government representative. A part of the “collective bargaining” strategy for unions. August 2005 30 United States History Study Guide The ideal of different cultural groups blending together to form one homogenous cultural group. Immigrants were expected to shed their language, traditions, and ethnic identities. The ownership of all the productive resources or factories in a particular Monopoly industry. Example: Standard Oil, then; Microsoft, now. Investment banker. Owner of US Steel. Creditor of the US government. Morgan, J. P. One of the first persons to make over $1 billion, but never actually to start a business or to produce a product. Algonquin word for big chiefs, groups of Republican party leaders who Mugwumps threw their support to Democrat Grover Cleveland because of their dislike for Republican candidate James Blaine of Maine. Political cartoonist from the Progressive era. Exposed the corruption of Nast, Thomas Tammany Hall through cartoons. His drawings led to the capture of Boss William Tweed in Spain, after he fled the U. S. Also drew the most famous version of Santa Claus for Coca Cola. A feeling of hostility and distrust of immigrants. Especially present during Nativism the eras just before and after WWI. The use of discussion to solve labor disputes between labor and Negotiation management. New Immigrants 2nd major wave of immigration – primarily from southern and eastern Europe. Urban architect and park designer. Provided recreation and sunshine for Olmstead, urban dwellers. Frederick A law establishing the civil service test for those seeking government jobs. Pendleton Act Reaction to the assassination of James A. Garfield. Organizations in urban areas which focused on “getting out the vote” for Political party-approved candidates. Usually supported by voters who gained favors machines or jobs and businessmen who conspired with “bosses” to gain graft. A farm movement which aimed to curb the abuses of the railroad Populism companies and opposed the gold standard to help break the cycle of credit/debt for farmers. A strike against the Pullman Company by workers, protesting the tight Pullman Strike control that Pullman exercised over his employees by setting rent and prices in stores, etc. A Progressive reform which allowed voters to “un-elect” a governor or Recall official in state government. A Progressive reform which allowed voters in a state to directly approve or Referendum deny a law. Photographer and muckraker who showed how “The Other Half” lived in a Riis, Jacob series of photo documentaries in urban areas. Part of the Progressive movement. Negative perception of industry leaders during the Gilded Age. Robber barons Rockefeller, John American multi-billionaire. Owner of Standard Oil. Controlled 90% of oil industry. Casting a vote in privacy. Aimed at weakening political machines. One of Secret ballot the Progressives’ reform planks. (Australian) Melting pot Settlement houses Established to aid immigrants to the US upon their arrival. Most associated with Jane Addams and her Hull House. August 2005 31 United States History Study Guide Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Social Darwinism Spectator sports Standard Oil Company Strike Sweatshops Tammany Hall Telephone Great Strike (1877) Unions Trust Tweed, Boss Typewriter U.S. Steel Urbanization Vanderbilt family Wages Yellow-dog contract Westinghouse, George Whiskey ring scandal Working conditions 1890 law that made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade. Difficult to enforce because it didn’t define what a trust was. Survival of the fittest as applied in society to individuals and businesses. Sports that people viewed for entertainment as their leisure time and disposable income increased in the late 1800s. Company owned by John D. Rockefeller in which he attempted to control other businesses by using interlocking directors. Tool of unions. Workers refuse to work until their demands for better wages, conditions, and treatment are met. Factories with bad working conditions mainly in the garment industry. Employed young children for low wages at long hours. Democratic political machine in New York, led by “Boss” Tweed. Invented by A. G. Bell; allowed instant voice communication. Railroad Strike which led to government siding with business. Organization of workers. Craft union (skilled labor) or industrial union (unskilled labor) to fight for higher pay and safer worker conditions. Minimal gains in this time period. Opposed by government and business. A form of business organization in which a group of corporations place their businesses under a single board of directors. Invented by John D. Rockefeller. William “Boss” Tweed, New York City, ran the most powerful political machine—known as Tammany Hall. Invented by Christopher Sholes in 1867; it changed the workplace and created jobs for women as secretaries. Carnegie Steel and J.P. Morgan merged to form the largest steel corporation in the world. Growth of cities caused by industrialization. An influential family whose enormous wealth was created in the railroad industry. Money earned by a worker. An employer-employee contract in which the employee agrees not to join a union while employed. Airbrakes for trains invented by this African-American Grant’s administration; a corruption case involving uncollected taxes and bribes among whiskey distillers. The environment a worker enjoys during his or her workday August 2005 32 United States History Study Guide GOAL 6 Goal 6: The emergence of the United States in World Affairs (1890-1914) - The learner will analyze causes and effects of the United States emergence as a world power. 6.01 Examine the factors that led to the United States taking an increasingly active role in world affairs. 6.02 Identify the areas of United States military, economic, and political involvement and influence. 6.03 Describe how the policies and actions of the United States government impacted the affairs of other countries. Key Concepts Global and military competition Increased demands for resources and markets Closing of the Frontier Exploitation of nations, peoples, and resources Causes and conduct of the Spanish-American War United States Interventions in o Hawaii o Latin America o Caribbean o Asia/Pacific Intervention vs. Isolation Support for and opposition to United States economic intervention Perception of the United States as a world power August 2005 33 United States History Study Guide Key Terms Annexation of Hawaii Anti-Imperialism League Boxer Rebellion Dewey, Commodore George Dollar Diplomacy Hearst, William Randolph Imperialism Jingoism Mahan, Alfred T. Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy Open Door Policy Panama Canal Pancho Villa Raids Philippines Platt Amendment Pulitzer, Joseph Queen Liliuokalani Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt, Theodore Rough Riders Seward’s Folly Social Darwinism Spheres of influence Spanish American War Strong, Josiah Treaty of Paris 1898 Turner, Frederick Jackson USS Maine August 2005 34 United States History Study Guide Annexation of Hawaii AntiImperialism League Boxer Rebellion Dewey, Commodore George Dollar Diplomacy Hearst, William Randolph Imperialism Jingoism Mahan, Alfred T. Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy Open Door Policy Panama Canal Pancho Villa Raids Philippines Platt Amendment Pulitzer, Joseph Queen Liliuokalani Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt, Theodore Rough Riders U.S. takes Hawaii after Spanish American War. Controversial. The Queen had been deposed. Supporters argued it would give access to China trade and economic advantages to US. During Spanish American War. Opposed taking Philippines: “a Republic should not have subjects;” supported by many notable Americans such as Mark Twain and former President Cleveland. 1900 China. They try to throw out foreigners; McKinley sends troops, U.S. helps put it down. Hero of Spanish American War. 1898. Defeats Spanish in Manila Bay, the first step in taking the Philippines. U.S. using economic power to intervene in Latin America. Resented by them. Is associated with President Taft. NY Newspaper owner. Example of Yellow Journalism, Jingoism. Exaggerated Spanish mistreatment of Cubans during Cuban rebellion to help cause the Spanish American War. Taking colonies to form Empire. U.S. accused of this in Spanish American War. U.S. becomes a world power in late 1890’s. Many at home and abroad view negatively. US follows this path for 3 reasons : 1) the need for resources and markets; 2) global competition; 3) closing of the frontier. Be able to contrast with expansion of 1840s. Also known as “yellow journalism.” Exaggerated events to push for war. (see Hearst).Hearst quote: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” Admiral. Wrote book, Influence of Sea Power on History. 1890’s policy: colonies, Panama Canal and two-ocean fleet. Wilson’s relations with Mexican dictators: “We will teach them to elect good men.” Refused to recognize their current dictator--AKA “Watchful Waiting:” (leads to Pancho Villa’s raids). China. 1900 by John Hay: China should not be taken over and should be open to trade with all (response to Boxer rebellion). Land leased in 1903 (Panama independent from Columbia in Theodore Roosevelt engineered revolution). T. Roosevelt is president responsible for this –caused resentment in Latin America. 1915. He attacked because of our support for his enemies. Wilson sends troops into Mexico; he is not captured – causes bad relations with Mexico for years. Annexed in 1899 after Spanish American War. Controversial: many opposed U.S. empire (see Anti-Imperialism League). McKinley’s decision. Cuba becomes U.S. protectorate – 1901 – after we promised independence; Cubans resent this. Competition with Hearst (see Hearst and Jingoism). Hawaii’s queen, deposed by Americans; President Cleveland supported her return to throne, but it did not happen (see annexation of Hawaii). Teddy Roosevelt-early 1900’s: U.S. had the right to police Latin America (resented by them); an addition to the Monroe Doctrine – part of Teddy Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy. President 1901-1909 – very popular: Progressive at Home (willing to regulate business – trustbuster), Expansion Abroad, Conservation of Resources. Teddy Roosevelt’s volunteer regiment in Spanish America War in 1898; victories in Cuba made him a hero. August 2005 35 United States History Study Guide Seward’s Folly Social Darwinism Spheres of influence Spanish American War Strong, Josiah Treaty of Paris 1898 Turner, Frederick Jackson USS Maine Purchase of Alaska from Russia in President Johnson’s administration; pennies per acre. Seen as mistake at the time. The idea that the fittest survive in human population (wealth=fitness/poverty=unfit). Opposes social reform to help poor. China-1900: European powers taking over zones of control from China. U.S. opposed because it would limit our access to trade. Called the “splendid little war” by John Hay, Sec. of State for President McKinley. U.S. quickly gains an empire. War lasts only 90 days. U.S. fights in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Wrote book Our Country: said it was our duty to expand civilization based on Anglo-Saxon superiority--excuse for annexation of Philippine--1890’s. Ends Spanish American War. Cuba is free. We get Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines from Spain--U.S. World Power (see Philippines). Historian. Frontier Thesis: said America’s western frontier made U.S. democratic; all equal on the frontier. Feb. 1898. Sunk in Havana, Cuba. Spain was blamed; led to Spanish American War. August 2005 36 United States History Study Guide GOAL 7 Goal 7: The Progressive Movement in the United States (1890-1914) –The learner will analyze the economic, political, and social reforms of the Progressive Period. 7.01 Explain the conditions that led to the rise of Progressivism. 7.02 Analyze how different groups of Americans made economic and political gains in the Progressive Period. 7.03 Evaluate the effects of racial segregation on different regions and segments of the United States society. 7.04 Examine the impact of technological changes on economic, social, and cultural life in the United States. Key Concepts Corruption and ineffectiveness of government Immigration and urban poor Working conditions Emergence of Social Gospel Unequal distribution of wealth The roles of the Progressive presidents: o Roosevelt o Taft o Wilson The growing power of the electorate The changing roles and influence of women The impact of political and economic changes on the working class The changing nature of state and local governments Disenfranchisement African-American responses to Jim Crow Segregated Society Industrial innovations Emergence of advertising and consumerism August 2005 37 United States History Study Guide Key Terms 16th Amendment 17th Amendment 18th Amendment 19th Amendment American Tobacco v U.S., 1911 Anthracite Coal Strike Atlanta Compromise Speech Barnett, Ida Wells Coca Cola Direct primary Disenfranchisement Dubois, W.E.B. Election of 1912 Electricity Federal Reserve Act Ford’s Innovations Grandfather clauses Great Migration Hull House Jim Crow Laws Kodak cameras LaFollette, Robert Literacy test Mail order catalogs Mann Elkins Act Movie Camera Muckraking Nation, Carrie A. Lynching Niagara Movement Northern Securities v U.S., 1904 Payne Aldrich Tariff, 1909 Plessey v Ferguson, 1896 Poll taxes Progressive Presidents Progressive/Bull Moose Party Progressivism Riis, Jacob Sewing machine Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sinclair, Upton Skyscrapers Square Deal Social Gospel Steffens, Lincoln Suffragists Tarbell, Ida NAACP Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Urban slums US v EC Knight and Co., 1895 Volstead Act WCTU Washington, Booker T. Wright brothers August 2005 38 United States History Study Guide 16th Amendment 17th Amendment 18th Amendment 19th Amendment American Tobacco v U.S., 1911 Anthracite Coal Strike Atlanta Compromise Speech Barnett, Ida Wells Coca Cola Direct primary Disenfranchisement Dubois, W.E.B. Election of 1912 Electricity Federal Reserve Act Ford ’s Innovations: Grandfather clauses Great Migration Hull House Jim Crow Laws Kodak cameras LaFollette, Robert Federal income tax. Direct popular election of Senators. Prohibition – no sale, manufacture, transport of alcohol. Gave women the right to vote. US government prosecuted American Tobacco as a trust – company ordered to reorganize but not dissolved. 1902. Theodore Roosevelt intervened and arbitrated a compromise agreement that improved conditions of Coal Miners. First government intervention to help workers against big business. By Booker T. Washington – established policy of accommodation. Focus on improving economic skills without immediate demand for political rights. Civil rights activist who led the fight against lynching in early 1900’s. New marketing strategies associated with new consumer products such as first soft drinks. Progressive reform at the turn of the 20th century to allow voters to choose candidates in political party elections. Weakens political machines. Taking away an individual’s right to vote. Civil rights leader who argued against Booker T Washington’s philosophy. Demanded immediate political and civil rights – founder of NAACP and editor of The Crisis. Republican Party was divided between William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt left party and formed the Progressive “Bull Moose” Party. Split in Republican Party led to victory for Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson (all candidates claimed to be Progressives). New form of energy that led to longer hours for factories (light bulb). Spread of electric appliances, use of electricity in homes in urban areas, and changes in leisure activities including movies in early 1900’s. Law that established federal regulation over the nation’s private banking system. Private banks join the Federal Reserve System. Created 12 regions with a Federal Reserve Banks that loans money to private banks – “banker’s banks.” Assembly line production applied to automobiles. Model T created as an affordable car for the working class. $ 5 day for workers to be able to afford to buy cars – “workers as consumers.” Added to laws requiring voters to be literate in order to vote so that poor, illiterate whites could still vote. Mass movement of thousands of African Americans from the South to the North – particularly Harlem – during World War I. Settlement housed founded by Jane Addams to address social evils of cities. Laws passed in the South that established de jure (legal) segregation. Invention by George Eastman that made cameras easier to use and more affordable for middle class. Progressive governor from Wisconsin who first tried many Progressive reforms such as secret ballot, referendum, initiative, and regulation of industries. August 2005 39 United States History Study Guide Requirement to vote established after Reconstruction that limited the rights of African American males to vote. Mail order catalogs Marketing strategy developed in late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Brought consumer products to rural areas. Example: Sears and Roebuck, Montgomery Ward. Established first effective regulation of railroads. Outlawed rebates Mann Elkins Act and required publication of set railroad rates. Invention that brought about movie theaters as a major form of Movie Camera entertainment and news. Term associated with journalists in the Progressive Era who exposed Muckraking corruption in politics, industry, and society and pushed for reform. Example: Tarbell, Riis, Sinclair. Progressive crusader for Prohibition – leader of Temperance Nation, Carrie A. Movement. Typically refers to hanging or killing a person. Refers to murder of Lynching individuals for political or social reasons. Main victims in early 1900’s were African Americans seeking civil rights. Niagara Movement Founded by WEB DuBois in 1905 to promote the higher (college) education of African Americans. Northern Securities v First anti-trust case brought by the US government against big business using the Sherman Anti-Trust Case. Established Teddy U.S., 1904 Roosevelt’s reputation as a “trust buster.” Payne Aldrich Tariff, Set of tariffs passed during William Howard Taft’s administration that angered Progressives because they failed to reduce tariff rates 1909 significantly. Plessey v Ferguson, Supreme Court Case that established the “Separate, But Equal” Doctrine that legalized racial segregation in the US. Overturned by 1896 Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas (1954). Method of disenfranchising African Americans by requiring Poll taxes individuals to pay a tax to vote. Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson. Progressive Presidents Founded by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 when he was angered by Progressive/Bull William Howard Taft’s stand on tariff and conservation. Split the Moose Party Republican Party in Election of 1912. Promoting the ideas of regulating trusts, conservation, lower tariffs but Progressivism no gains for African-Americans. Muckraking journalist who exposed the evils of city life in a book Riis, Jacob How the Other Half Lives. Invention by Issac Singer that led to mass production of garments in Sewing machine the US. Sherman Anti-Trust Law passed in 1890 to prevent abuses by monopolies. Not effectively enforced until the Progressive Era (1900 – 1918). Used by the Act government against labor unions in late 1800’s. Muckraking journalist who exposed the unsanitary conditions in the Sinclair, Upton meat-packing industry in book The Jungle. Innovations of the late 1800’s using new steel produced through the Skyscrapers Bessemer Process that allowed buildings in cities to go higher allowing more people to crowd into cities. Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of using government power to protect Square Deal common people from abuses of big business and powerful interests. Literacy test August 2005 40 United States History Study Guide Social reform movement supported by religious leaders that Christians had a responsibility to help those less fortunate through improving living conditions and alleviating poverty. Muckraking journalist who exposed the corruption of city Steffens, Lincoln governments in book The Shame of Our Cities. Organized movement by women to gain the right to vote in the early Suffragists 20th century – see 19th amendment. Muckraking journalist who exposed the unethical business practices of Tarbell, Ida John D. Rockefeller in the book History of the Standard Oil Company. 1906 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. NAACP Founded by WEB DuBois and others to demand immediate political (voting) rights and civil rights (end to segregation and discrimination against African Americans). Triangle Shirtwaist Tragic fire in 1911 that killed 146 workers – mostly women. Led to the establishment of safety codes to regulate workplaces. Factory Fire Developed as a result of mass movement of farmers to cities and Urban slums dramatic rise in immigration. Consisted mainly of overcrowded and unsanitary tenement. Major anti-trust case against the Sugar Trust in which government US v EC Knight failed to break up the trust under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. andCo, 1895 Reflected pro-business attitude of the late 1800’s. Established the enforcement of Prohibition (18th Amendment). Volstead Act Women’s Christian Temperance Union pushed for prohibition of WCTU alcohol. See Carrie Nation. Washington, Booker Established the “Atlanta Compromise – 1895” – accepted political and civil discrimination in exchange for vocational/economic T. advancement. Disagreed with other prominent minority voice, W.E.B. Dubois. First airplane – 1903. Wright brothers Social Gospel August 2005 41 United States History Study Guide August 2005 42 United States History Study Guide GOAL 8 Goal 8: The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930) - The learner will analyze United States involvement in World War I and the war's influence on international affairs during the 1920's. 8.01 Examine the reasons why the United States remained neutral at the beginning of World War I but later became involved. 8.02 Identify political and military turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome of the conflict. 8.03 Assess the political, economic, social, and cultural effects of the war on the United States and other nations. Key Concepts Causes of World War I in Europe Use of and effects of propaganda U. S. anti-war Sentiment Reasons for U. S. entry into The Great War The importance of United States involvement in World War I Modernization of warfare The changing nature of United States foreign policy Key factors in the Allies’ success Failure of the United States to ratify the Treaty of Versailles Adjustment from wartime to a peacetime economy Government bureaucracy in the United States Anti-immigration sentiment and the first Red Scare Restrictions on civil liberties during wartime Political changes in Europe and the near East Impact of isolationism on American foreign policy August 2005 43 United States History Study Guide Key Terms 17th Amendment 18th Amendment 19th Amendment Alliances Allies American Expeditionary Force Armistice Baruch, Bernard Causes of U.S. entry into World War I Central Powers Committee on Public Information Contraband Creel, George Dawes Plan Debs, Eugene V. Doughboys Election of 1916 Espionage and Sedition Acts Ferdinand, Archduke Food Administration Fourteen Points (1-5, 14) Hoover, Herbert Idealism Industrial Workers of the World Isolationists Kaiser Wilhelm II Ku Klux Klan League of Nations Lewis, John L. (UMW) Lodge, Henry Cabot Lusitania Make the world safe for democracy Militarism Mobilization Mustard gas Nationalism No Man’s Land Palmer Raids Peace without victory Pershing, John J. Rankin, Jeanette Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions Sacco and Vanzetti Schenck v United States Selective Service Act Self-determination Serbia Technology of war Big Four, The Treaty of Versailles Trench warfare U-Boat submarine warfare War Industries Board Washington Naval Conference Wilson, Woodrow Zimmerman Telegram August 2005 44 United States History Study Guide 17th Amendment 18th Amendment 19th Amendment Alliances Allies American Expeditionary Force Armistice Baruch, Bernard Causes of U.S. entry into World War I Central Powers Committee on Public Information Contraband Creel, George Dawes Plan Debs, Eugene V. Doughboys Election of 1916 Espionage and Sedition Acts Ferdinand, Archduke Food Administration Fourteen Points (1-5, 14) Hoover, Herbert Idealism Industrial Workers of the World Isolationists Kaiser Wilhelm II Ku Klux Klan League of Nations Lewis, John L. (UMW) Direct election of senators Prohibition—organized crime Women’s suffrage A network of alliances caused one nation after another to become involved in WWI after the Archduke assassination. Great Britain, France, Russia, U.S., and Italy. After forces that were mobilized numbered into the millions to fight in WWI. 11th month 11th day 11th hour 1918—cease fire or truce ending WWI. Leader of War Industries Board—prosperous business leader. Submarine warfare, German atrocities, stronger cultural ties with Great Britain and France, Zimmerman telegram. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria. US’s first propaganda agency—major reason why the US sided with the allies. Led to the Germans using the fact that the US was shipping war goods to the Allies as an excuse for using unrestricted submarine warfare. Head of Committee on Public Information—propaganda effort for World War I. Plan to settle the WWI European reparations problem—US loans money to help the underlying problems. American socialist and labor leader. Critical of World War I. Jailed as a result which violated his freedom of speech. A nickname for American Expeditionary Force soldiers in WWI. “He kept us out of War”—Woodrow Wilson—Americans favor neutrality. US law allowing $10,000 fine and up to 20 years of jail time for disloyalty and any anti-WWI efforts. Limited freedom of speech in America – see Schenck vs. U.S. Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne; assassination led to outbreak of WWI. WWI administration devoted to encouraging voluntary rationing and increasing food production. No secret treaties, freedom of the seas, lower tariffs, reduce arms, kind colonial policies, creation of the League of Nations. Food administration leader for American WWI effort. Idea from Wilson that US involvement in the WWI was needed to make “The world a safe place for democracy.” Workers union seen as a socialist organization because of its efforts to push for more worker strikes to better their pay and working conditions—sabotaging the war effort. Americans who did not favor American involvement in foreign affairs. Strong after World War I (20s and 30s). Militaristic leader of WWI Era Germany. Rose to its height of 4.5 million by 1924 because of anti-immigration feelings (Nativism). World peace-keeping organization developed after WWI—US never joined. Labor leader of United Mine Workers - worked tirelessly to unionize skilled and unskilled workers alike. August 2005 45 United States History Study Guide Lodge, Henry Cabot Lusitania Make the world safe for democracy Militarism Mobilization Mustard gas Nationalism No Man’s Land Palmer Raids Peace without victory Pershing, John J. Rankin, Jeanette Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions Sacco and Vanzetti Schenck v United States Selective Service Act Self-determination Serbia technology of war Big Four, The Treaty of Versailles Trench warfare U-Boat submarine warfare Irreconcilable leader of the Senate during the WWI who led the effort to reject Wilson’s League of Nations. 128 Americans killed aboard British passenger ship sunk by German u-boats. Turned American public opinion against Germany. Twoyear gap before U.S. entry into World War I. Wilson’s justification quote for the US entrance into WWI—April 6, 1917. Established hope among African-American soldiers for equal treatment upon return. Build-up of armies and navies during the WWI era. The massive build up and movement of men and war resources to fight in WWI—especially when referring to US involvement because it was overseas for us. A horrific weapon that was a prime example of the first use of chemical warfare—known for its yellow color—Caused victims to cough up lungs. A feeling of extreme pride and loyalty to one’s own country—led to assassinations and European involvements in WWI. Area measuring 5 to 500 yards between 2 opposing trenches—land mines, barbed wire. Communist and anarchist hunt to find those disloyal to the US during WWI by US Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Wilson plan to conclude WWI without using military power to crush the opposition. Commander of the AEF. A pacifist and suffragist who introduced the 19th Amendment and opposed US entry into WWI. These led to the Russian pull-out from the Allied Powers during WWI—caused resentment among the remaining allies. Celebrated trial and execution of Italian immigrants over the issue of anarchism more so than because of a basis on the evidence. 1919 Supreme Court decision upholding the Espionage Act of 1917. Limited free speech based on “clear and present danger” precedent. Introduced the registration and classification for military service of all American men between ages 21-30. 24 million registered and 3 million drafted. Within 14 points – ideal of self rule for nations. Location of Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination by a Serbian nationalist—Gavrilo Princip. New weapons in World War I – machine guns, tanks, planes, chemical warfare, submarines. Wilson (US), Clemenceau (French), George (British), and Orlando (Italy) worked out the details for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. European-controlled peace agreement which reshaped Europe and laid blame of WWI solely on Germany. Germany lost land, army, and had to pay reparations. Type of warfare that led to a 3 ½ year stalemate and numerous deaths during WWI. Led to American intervention in WWI: 4/6/1917. August 2005 46 United States History Study Guide War Industries Board Washington Naval Conference Wilson, Woodrow Zimmerman Telegram Established in 1917 by US government to plan and control the WWI effort. US effort to reduce warships existing within the US Japan, Great Britain, France, and Italy. Progressive. 28th president of the US who led America through WWI. Telegram from Germany to Mexico asking them to declare war on the US in return for previously lost territories—led to US intervention in WWI. August 2005 47 United States History Study Guide August 2005 48 United States History Study Guide GOAL 9 Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression (1919-1939) - The learner will appraise the economic, social, and political changes of the decades of "The Twenties" and "The Thirties." 9.01 Elaborate on the cycle of economic boom and bust in the 1920's and 1930's. 9.02 Analyze the extent of prosperity for different segments of society during this period. 9.03 Analyze the significance of social, intellectual, and technological changes of lifestyles in the United States. 9.04 Describe challenges to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender. 9.05 Assess the impact of New Deal reforms in enlarging the role of the federal government in American life. Key Concepts The impact of presidential policies on economic activity (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover, and Roosevelt) Rise and/or decline of major industries in the United States Factors leading to the stock market crash and the onset of the Great Depression Consumer spending habit and trends Difficulties of farmers Response to Prosperity: the stock market crash, Dust Bowl, Bonus Army march and bank failures on various groups of the population. The impact of mass media Public response to the Great Depression The Harlem Renaissance Prohibition Leisure time and spectator sports The “Back to Africa” movement and Pan-Africanism The Fundamentalist versus Freethinking movement Religion in politics The changing role of women Responses to the New Deal program The Three R’s (Relief, Recovery, Reform) Expansion of the role of federal government August 2005 49 United States History Study Guide Key Terms Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Armstrong, Louis Automobiles Black Tuesday Bootleggers Breadlines Buying on margin Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Coughlin, Father Charles Deficit spending Direct relief Dubois, W.E.B. Easy credit Fair Labor Standards Act Fall, Albert Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Fireside Chats Fitzgerald, F. Scott Flappers Fundamentalism Garvey, Marcus Great Depression Harlem Renaissance Hawley-Smoot Tariff Hemingway, Ernest Hoovervilles Hughes, Langston Hurston, Zora Neal Installment plan Jazz Laissez-faire August 2005 Lewis, Sinclair Lindbergh, Charles Long, Huey P. Lost Generation Market/advertising McPherson, Aimee Semple Mechanization National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) New Deal, The Overproduction Perkins, Frances Public Works Administration (PWA) Radio Return to Normalcy Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Rugged individualism Ruth, Babe Sanger, Margaret Scopes Trial Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Silent and “talkies” films Social Security Act Soup kitchens Speakeasies Speculation Sunday, Billy Teapot Dome scandal Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) The Jazz Singer United Negro Improvement Association Works Progress Administration (WPA) 50 United States History Study Guide Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Armstrong, Louis Automobiles Black Tuesday Bootleggers Breadlines Buying on margin Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Coughlin, Father Charles Deficit spending Direct relief Dubois, W.E.B. Easy credit Fair Labor Standards Act Fall, Albert Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Fireside Chats Fitzgerald, F. Scott Flappers Fundamentalism Garvey, Marcus Great Depression FDR’s attempted to assist economically strained farmers by raising crop prices and lowering production. Trumpet-playing Jazz Musician of the 1920’s. Turn of the century transportation innovation that was improved upon by Henry Ford in the 1920s. Allowed American society more mobility. Refers to the day that the Wall Street Stock Market crashed on October 29, 1929. Smuggled illegal alcohol during Prohibition. 1919-1933 Formed during the Depression to feed massive numbers of needy people in cities. Concept of purchasing stock with borrowed money in advance of the anticipated profit. A cause of the Great Depression. Successful New Deal policy. Number 1 goal was planting of trees. 200 million were planted, especially in the Midwest. Known as “The Radio Priest” and “microphone Messiah”, was critical of the New Deal and President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Governmental policy of spending funds which don’t actually exist because the budget is “in the red” or facing a deficit. Tangible aid for the needy such as monetary help or food and clothing. Critical of Booker T. Washington’s policies since he (Dubois) believed that a liberal arts education, not an education in a trade, was the key to the success of African Americans. Author of Souls of Black Folks. Allowed consumers to purchase goods without adequate financial support. It occurred during the 1920’s and served as a cause of the crash of the Stock Market in 1929. Passed in 1938 to establish a minimum wage of 25 cents per hour and a maximum of 44 hours of work per week. Children under the age of 16 were banned from factory work Secretary of Interior for President Harding and guilty in The Teapot Dome Scandal. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was a part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation that insured bank deposits up to $2500. Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s effective use of the radio to explain his New Deal plans 1920s American author of The Great Gatsby. Women who challenged the traditional role of women in the 1920s in dress and behavior. Influenced by the culture reflected in popular magazines. A belief in the literal belief in the words of the Bible. Amy Lee Semple and Billy McPherson were leaders of this religious revival. Haitian born black nationalist that encouraged a “Back to Africa” Movement. 1929-1941 – major worldwide economic downturn caused by overproduction in agriculture, protective tariffs, easy credit (buying on margin), uneven distribution of income. Featured massive unemployment, business and banking failures, mortgage foreclosures. August 2005 51 United States History Study Guide Harlem Renaissance Hawley-Smoot Tariff Hemingway, Ernest Hoovervilles Hughes, Langston Hurston, Zora Neal Installment plan Jazz Laissez-faire Lewis, Sinclair Lindbergh, Charles Long, Huey P. Lost Generation Market/advertising McPherson, Aimee Semple Mechanization National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Explosion of African-American culture in the 1920s. Highest US tariff to date, reaction to the Great Depression, made conditions worse. American whose work became famous after his experiences in World War I. Author of For Whom The Bells Toll and A Farewell To Arms, among others. Shantytowns built during the Depression by the homeless Harlem Renaissance poet; his 1920s poems described life for African Americans. Female African American poet of The Harlem renaissance. A new consumer idea that developed in the 1920s which allowed payments to be delayed over a period of time. A new form of music which emerged during The Harlem Renaissance. The policy of non-interference by the Federal Government towards “Big Business.” 1920s American author of Aerrowsmith, a writer of “The Lost Generation.” Aviator who flew an airplane, The Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic Ocean in the first non stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927. 1932 Senator for Louisiana; Known as the “Kingfisher,” he retained near dictatorial control of Louisiana state affairs while in 1933 he embarked on a campaign to gain national power. Long at first supported FDR’s New Deal, but he formulated his own plan called Share the Wealth which appealed to economically challenged. Long was assassinated in 1935. Young postwar American writers and intellectuals believed that materialism was overshadowing personal fulfillment. Writers such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and H.L. Mencken, felt disillusioned with society after their experiences during World War I. After World War I, America became a mass consumption economy because, whether rich or poor, Americans began to purchase goods for need and pleasure. Due to print and radio advertising, material consumption became a dominant cultural ideal and was the advent of installment buying, i.e. “buy now, pay later” philosophy, that quickly spread to items such as radios, sewing machines, and refrigerators. A Los Angeles based Christian Fundamentalist radio evangelist who preached to migrant workers in the 1920s. The replacement or enhancement of human effort by machinery. Examples of mechanization can be seen in Eli Whitney’s cotton gin (1793) which allowed for more cotton to be cleaned in a shorter period of time and McCormick’s mechanical reaper, which allowed the amount of wheat to be harvested in a single day by a lone man to be more than doubled. In an effort to “prime the pump” of industry, this FDR New Deal initiative was intended to spark a rebirth of Industrial activity in Depression era United States. August 2005 52 United States History Study Guide National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) Defined unfair labor practices and established the National Labor Relations Board to settle disputes between employees and employers. New Deal, The FDR's program to bring America out of the Great Depression. Variety of legislation that came to be known as alphabet soup government. Ex. AAA, CCC, PWA, WPA, NIRA, NRA, FDIC, TVA. One of the reasons cited as a cause for the Great Depression. A strong advocate for unemployment insurance when there was none; FDR’s Secretary of Labor in 1933; first woman to serve in a cabinet position; Responsible for implementing New Deal labor legislation, particularly the Fair Labor Standards Act. Overproduction Perkins, Frances Public Works Administration (PWA) Radio Return to Normalcy Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Rugged individualism Ruth, Babe Sanger, Margaret Scopes Trial Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Silent and “talkies” films Social Security Act Soup kitchens Part of Franklin Roosevelt’s 1933 New Deal legislation, it created jobs on government sponsored projects. The most powerful communications tool to emerge in the 1920s; by 1930 40% of Americans owned a radio. Political promise of President Harding to the American people after World War I. Only person elected to 4 terms as U.S. President by a coalition of blacks, unions, urban areas, farmers and the south. Famous quote – “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” This is the idea that people should be able to succeed through their own efforts. When the Great Depression struck America, President Hoover’s philosophy was the popular notion of rugged individualism. Hoover thought that the government’s role in the Great Depression should not be to hand out direct relief to the people, but to foster cooperation between competing business groups and interests in society. A baseball player who gained fame for his career homerun record (714); known as the “Sultan of Swat” and “The Babe;” viewed as an American hero in the 1920s and 1930s. He was one of the first five baseball players voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Trained as a nurse, she championed women’s right to birth control and family planning. She opened the nation’s first birth control clinic in New York. In 1921 she established the American Birth Control League which is a predecessor to the modern Planned Parenthood Federation. 1925 Tennessee court case that pitted Fundamentalist religious beliefs regarding the origins of man with Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. A New Deal agency created in 1934 that regulates the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds. The first movies were without sound; The first silent movie was The Great Train Robbery and was released in 1903; The first movie with sound was the Jazz Singer. Permanent New Deal entitlement program to provide social insurance to retirees, unemployed, the disabled, and families with dependent children, paid for by a tax on employees and employers. A place where free or low-cost food is served to the needy. August 2005 53 United States History Study Guide Speakeasies Speculation Sunday, Billy Teapot Dome scandal Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) The Jazz Singer United Negro Improvement Association Works Progress Administration (WPA) Underground alcohol drinking establishments that operated during Prohibition period in American history. Involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick profit. William Ashley Sunday, i.e. “Billy,” was a popular fundamentalist preacher from the 1890s to his death in 1935. His flamboyant style and energetic Christian message called for a puritanical morality that denounced alcohol consumption and science, among other things. The scandal involved the oil industry’s bribery of Harding’s cabinet member, Albert Fall, in order to drill for oil in public lands that had been set aside in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert Fall was the first sitting cabinet member to be convicted of a felony. A federal established in 1933 to construct dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to generate electricity as well as to prevent floods. The first motion picture with sound. Released in 1927. Founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914, it called for African Americans to build their own society separate from white society. An agency established as part of the Second New Deal that provided the unemployed with jobs in construction, garment making, teaching, the arts, and other fields. August 2005 54 United States History Study Guide GOAL 10 Goal 10: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930s-1963) - The learner will analyze United States involvement in World War II and the war's influence on international affairs in following decades. 10.01 Elaborate on the causes of World War II and reasons for United States entry into the war. 10.02 Identify military, political, and diplomatic turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome and aftermath of the conflict. 10.03 Describe and analyze the effects of the war on American economic, social, political, and cultural life. 10.04 Elaborate on changes in the direction of foreign policy related to the beginnings of the Cold War. 10.05 Assess the role of organizations established to maintain peace and examine their continuing effectiveness. Key Concepts Appeasement Isolationism Reparations Totalitarianism Governments Treaty of Versailles Worldwide depression The United States at war The influence of propaganda at home and abroad Designs for peace The Homefront Suspension of Civil Liberties Suburbanization Transition to Peacetime U. S. Military Intervention Containment The Cold War The Domino Theory Balance of Power Organizations for peace August 2005 55 United States History Study Guide Key Terms AFL-CIO Alliance for Progress Appeasement Atlantic Charter Atomic bomb Baby boomers Battle of Britain Battle of the Bulge Bay of Pigs Berlin Airlift Berlin Wall Blitzkrieg brinksmanship Casablanca Castro, Fidel Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chinese Civil War Cold War Containment Churchill, Winston Cuban Missile Crisis D-Day (Operation Overlord) Domino Theory Eisenhower Doctrine Emperor Hirohito Fair Deal Fascism Four Freedoms G.I. Bill Geneva Accords Hitler, Adolf Holocaust Hydrogen Bomb Iron Curtain Island hopping Isolationism Israel Iwo Jima Japanese Internment Japanese Internment Sites Kellogg-Briand Pact Khrushchev, Nikita Korean War Korematsu v United States Lend-Lease Act Rationing Levittown MacArthur, Douglas Manhattan Project Marshall Plan Middle class Midway Munich Pact Mussolini, Benito N.A.T.O. Neutrality Acts Newsreels/pamphlets/airdrops Nimitz, Chester Non-Aggression Pact Northern Migration Nuremberg Trials Potsdam O.A.S. Okinawa Oppenheimer, J. Robert Patton, George Pearl Harbor Police Action Quarantine Speech Reparations Rosie the Riveter S.E.A.T.O. Security Council Selective Services Act Stalin, Joseph Stalingrad Taft-Hartley Act Tehran Test Ban Treaty Third Reich Totalitarianism Treaty of Versailles Truman Doctrine U-2 Incident United Nations V-E Day, V-J Day WAAC War bonds War posters War Production Board Warsaw Pact Yalta Conference August 2005 56 United States History Study Guide AFL-CIO Alliance for Progress Appeasement Atlantic Charter Atomic bomb Baby boomers Battle of Britain Battle of the Bulge Bay of Pigs Berlin Airlift Berlin Wall Blitzkrieg Brinksmanship Casablanca Castro, Fidel Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chinese Civil War American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations joined in 1955 – largest labor organization in US. Established by JFK to provide economic aid and assistance to Latin American Nations to improve relations with US and prevent spread of communism. Policy of giving into the demands of Adolf Hitler to avoid war – supported by European leaders in 1930’s. 1941 – U.S. and Great Britain establish joint war goals including a United Nations. Weapon system created in WWII by the Manhattan Project in the US – used against Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end WWII. Truman’s decision to use in 1945. Generation of Americans born from 1945 – 1960 after WWII. 1940-1941 Attack by Nazi Germany against Great Britain which was the last unconquered area of Europe – lasted over 9 months; Winston Churchill inspired British to keep up the fight – development of RADAR led to defeat of Germany’s air force and victory of GB in battle. Last major battle in Western Europe in WWII – Germany attempted to prevent invasion of Germany by a last desperate offensive at Christmas 1944 – Allies won and conquered Germany. 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro (communist leader of Cuba) during JFK’s administration. 1948 Berlin Blockade – Truman ordered daily convoys of cargo planes to drop food, medicines, fuel into West Berlin – led to the failure of the USSR to take over West Berlin. Constructed by the USSR in 1961 to separate East (communist) and West Berlin (democratic) and to prevent the escape of individuals from communist countries in Eastern Europe to the democracies of Western Europe. 1989 fall of the wall symbolized the beginning of the end of the Cold War. Strategy of “lightening” fast war using predominantly tanks and airplanes developed by Germans. Eisenhower Policy of using the threat of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons as a diplomatic tool. Example: “willing to go to the edge.” Conference held during WWII which determined strategy of defeating Germany first. Communist leader who took over Cuba in 1959 and established close ties with USSR. Agency established in 1945 to collect intelligence about other nations using spies and covert operations to weaken nations unfriendly to the US. Conflict between communists led by Mao TseTung and nationalist leader Chiang Kai Shek – Mao was the popular leader; US supported Chiang Kai Shek because he was anticommunist (but corrupt); Nationalists defeated and fled to Taiwan which US recognized as legitimate government of China. August 2005 57 United States History Study Guide Intense conflict between US and USSR from 1945 – 1991. No direct war between US and USSR but many conflicts/wars in which both were involved. 1947 – 1991 Policy followed by U. S. to stop the spread of Containment communism anywhere in the world as a means of defeating the Soviet Union (USSR). Leader of Great Britain during WWII. Churchill, Winston Began with US discovery of nuclear missile sites built by USSR Cuban Missile Crisis in Cuba; JFK responded by establishing a “quarantine” (blockade) of Cuba to prevent nuclear weapons from reaching missile site; USSR backed down after an intense week-long standoff with the US. D-Day (Operation Overlord) June 6, 1944 – Began the Allied invasion of Europe which was strongly held by German forces – occurred along 5 beaches of Northern France in Normandy. Belief that if one nation in a region fell to communism, all Domino Theory surrounding nations would fall – first applied to Vietnam. US would intervene in Middle East to prevent overthrow of Eisenhower Doctrine governments by communist forces. Leader of Japan in WWII. Emperor Hirohito Domestic policy of Harry S Truman – extension of the New Deal Fair Deal Included increase in minimum wage, extension of Social Security, and housing for low-income Americans. Political philosophy of Germany and Italy in WWII. Emphasized Fascism total loyalty to the state and the leader; allowed no freedom of speech or press; used terror to control citizens. Freedom from fear, freedom from want, freedom of religion, Four Freedoms freedom of speech – listed in speech by FDR in January 1941 as guiding principles of US domestic and foreign policy. Law that provided education/ training and loans to buy homes, G.I. Bill farms, businesses to veterans. About ½ of all veterans of WWII used GI Bill to go to college or technical school. 1954 Peace Agreement at end of French Indochina War that Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into communist North Vietnam and Democratic South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956. Nazi leader of Germany in WWII. Came to power in the 1930s Hitler, Adolf because of the economic problems of the Great Depression and hardships caused by the Treaty of Versailles. Systematic Plan by Nazi Germany. Hitler to kill all Jews living Holocaust in Europe during WWII – death of 6 million Jews. H-Bomb – 67 times more powerful than atomic bomb used Hydrogen Bomb against Japan. Cold War term. Imaginary line that divided Communist East Iron Curtain Europe from Democratic West Europe – coined by Winston Churchill 1946. Strategy of the US in the Pacific in WWII to take important Island hopping islands on the way to Japan. Policy of avoiding involvement in European affairs before Isolationism bombing of Pearl Harbor. Cold War August 2005 58 United States History Study Guide Israel Iwo Jima Japanese Internment Japanese Internment Sites Kellogg-Briand Pact Khrushchev, Nikita Korean War Korematsu v United States Lend-Lease Act Rationing Levittown MacArthur, Douglas Manhattan Project Marshall Plan Middle class Midway Munich Pact Mussolini, Benito Nation created by the UN after WWII as a homeland for Jews with strong support from US. Justified by the US as a response to the tragedy of the Holocaust in WWII. Immediate declaration of war by Arab states. 1945 Major battle in the Pacific that gave US planes access to the Japanese Islands for direct attacks. US government policy of placing Japanese Americans (Nisei) into concentration camps during WWII due to hysteria that they may assist Japan in the war –lost homes, businesses, possessions. Rocky Mountain states. Post WWI – late 1920’s – failed attempt to outlaw war. Communist leader of USSR in the 1950’s at height of Cold War/ Cuban Missile Crisis/ U-2 Incident. First United Nations military action – began in 1950 with invasion of democratic South Korea by communist North Korea. Established concept of limited war in Korea to reestablish 38th parallel as original border between North and South. Led to firing of Douglas MacArthur and Armistice 1953. Supreme Court case that ruled internment of Japanese Americans was legal. Law passed by US Congress before US entry into WWII that allowed US to loan military goods to Allies or lease military equipment to the Allies. Allows US to become major supplier to Great Britain during the Battle of Britain. Policy of limiting consumption of goods in US during WWII to conserve goods for military use. Mass produced suburbs popular in 1950’s. All homes in a suburb based on same house plan. Image of conformity in 1950’s. Leader of the US Army in the Pacific in WWII; military governor of Japan after WWII; commander of UN forces in Korean War. US government project to produce the first atomic weapon in WWII. US aid program to rebuild Europe after World War II and help prevent spread of communism. Grew after WWII – reflected strong economic growth after WWII. Turning point battle of WWII in the Pacific. US defeated Japan destroying most Japanese aircraft carriers. High point of Appeasement. Giving in to Hitler’s demands to avoid war. Agreement in 1938 between Germany, Italy, GB, and France to allow Hitler to take over part of Czechoslovakia in exchange for his promise he would take no further territory – Hitler broke agreement in 1939 conquering remainder of Czechoslovakia. Fascist leader of Italy in WWII. Rose to power during economic problems in Italy after World War I. Model for later dictators. Ex. Hitler in Germany, Franco in Spain. August 2005 59 United States History Study Guide North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Mutual defense alliance between US, Canada, democratic nations of Western Europe after WWII. Laws passed in 1930’s to prevent US involvement in WWII by Neutrality Acts not selling weapons to warring nations – reflected belief in isolationism. Newsreels/pamphlets/airdrops Tools of war propaganda in WWII. Admiral in command of US Pacific Fleet in WWII. Nimitz, Chester Agreement between Hitler (Germany) and Stalin (USSR) in 1938 Non-Aggression Pact – agreement to split Poland and not fight each other when WWII began – way for Germany to avoid a two-front war. War Crimes trials of high level Nazi officials after WWII. Nuremberg Trials July 1945. War-time conference between Allied forces to Potsdam consider postwar Europe and Truman warning to Japan. Organization of American States. Alliance of nations in Western O.A.S. Hemisphere. Last major battle in the Pacific in WWII. US conquered island Okinawa with heavy casualties on both sides. Civilian leader of the Manhattan Project. Oppenheimer, J. Robert Outspoken US Army commander in Europe in WWII. Patton, George US naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor Led to US entry into WWII. Military response to crises by the UN – first used in Korean Police Action conflict. Speech by FDR in 1937 in which he argued the US should Quarantine Speech “quarantine” Germany and aggressive nations to protect democracy – rejected by majority in US. Payments demanded from a defeated nation to cover damages Reparations caused by war – applied to Germany after WWI – led to economic crisis in Germany in 1920’s and early 1930’s. Image associated with large numbers of women workers in Rosie the Riveter WWII. Women remained in the workforce permanently after WWII. South East Asian Treaty Organization – US alliance system to S.E.A.T.O. prevent spread of communism in South East Asia (Vietnam). Agency of the UN designated with power to respond to military Security Council crises – most powerful part of UN. Five major allies of WWII (US, GB, France, Russia, China) have veto power. Law that allowed the draft of soldiers for WWII. Selective Services Act Communist leader of the USSR 1924 – 1955. Stalin, Joseph Major battle in the USSR in WWII – defeat of German forces Stalingrad and retreat of Germany out of USSR. Passed in 1947. Limited power of labor unions (unions lost Taft-Hartley Act powers gained during New Deal). Conference held in Iran. First “Big Three” conference (FDR, Tehran Churchill, Stalin) – agreed to coordinate actions in WWII. Agreement to ban atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons – Test Ban Treaty allowed underground testing. Name given to rise of German Empire by Adolf Hitler. Third Reich N.A.T.O. August 2005 60 United States History Study Guide Totalitarianism Treaty of Versailles Truman Doctrine U-2 Incident United Nations V-E Day V-J Day WAAC War bonds War posters War Production Board Warsaw Pact Yalta Conference Political system in which the state has total control over the government, society, and people under the leadership of a single, all-powerful leader and his party. Treaty that ended World War I. War guilt clause placed blame on Germany and required extensive reparations; land changes that caused conflicts leading to WWII. Established US policy of preventing the overthrow of democratic governments by communists; applied first to Greece and Turkey after WWII. 1960. A US spy plane (U-2) shot down over the Soviet Union led to greater tensions between US and USSR. International organization to maintain peace and security in the World – created after WWII. Victory in Europe – May 8, 1945. Marked end of war in Europe. Victory in Japan Day – September 2, 1945. Marked end of war in the Pacific. Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps. Sold by US government during WWII to finance war effort. Propaganda in WWII. Agency created in 1940 to regulate industrial production in US to insure military was prepared for rising conflict in Europe – led to build up of army and navy resources. Created by the USSR to unify all communist Eastern European nations under one military alliance. February 1945 – last meeting of the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin). Agreed that U.S.S.R. occupies eastern Europe with the promise of free elections. Agreed to division of Germany into 4 zones and work together to defeat Japan. August 2005 61 United States History Study Guide August 2005 62 United States History Study Guide GOAL 11 Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil (1945-1980) ; The learner will trace economic, political, and social developments and assess their significance for the lives of Americans during this time period. 11.01 Describe the effects of the Cold War on economic, political, and social life in America. 11.02 Trace major events of the Civil Rights Movement and evaluate its impact. 11.03 Identify major social movements including, but not limited to, those involving women, young people, and the environment, and evaluate the impact of these movements on the United States' society. 11.04 Identify the causes of United States' involvement in Vietnam and examine how this involvement affected society. 11.05 Examine the impact of technological innovations that have impacted American life. 11.06 Identify political events and the actions and reactions of the government officials and citizens, and assess the social and political consequences. Key Concepts Effects of Cold War On America’s Home life Domino Theory and geopolitics McCarthyism Spread of Suburbia Effects of Nixon’s visits to China and Moscow Carter’s Human Rights Foreign policy and the collapse of detente The Military Industrial Complex The Civil Rights Movement De jure and De facto Segregation Affirmative Action Turning points Changes in state and federal Legislation Executive actions o Harry S. Truman o Dwight D. Eisenhower o John F. Kennedy o Lyndon Johnson Cultural Movements o Feminists o Indian o Latino Labor Movements Environmental Movements Social Movements Pop Culture Counter Culture Socio-economic Status Jobs: o White collar o Blue collar o Pink collar o Eisenhower o Kennedy o Johnson o Nixon o Ford Vietnam’s effect on U. S. politics and society Vietnamization Role of the media The Impact of the Space Race on education Technological Changes: o Mass media o Communication o Military o Science o Medicine o Electronics o Data storage o Transportation o Energy Connection of population shifts to technological changes in society Actions and reactions to political platforms: o New Frontier o Great Society o Law and Order Voter Apathy 1968 Election Tet Offensive Robert Kennedy Martin Luther King, Jr. Watergate Scandal Changing relationship of the federal government Urban renewal programs U. S. Involvement in Vietnam: August 2005 63 United States History Study Guide Key Terms 1968 Democratic Convention 24th amendment 25th Amendment 26th Amendment Agent Orange American Indian Movement Armstrong, Neil Freidan, Betty Black Panthers Black Power Movement British Invasion;Beatles Brown v Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, 1954 C.O.R.E. Calculators Cambodia/Laos Carmichael, Stokley Chavez, Cesar Civil Rights Act of 1964 Clean Air Act Clean Water Act television Dean, John Détente Duck and Cover Environmental Protection Agency Equal Rights Amendment Ervin, Senator Sam Fall of Saigon, 1975 Fallout Shelters flexible response Glenn, John Great Society Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Haight-Ashbury Head Start Hiss, Alger Ho Chi Minh Hollywood Blacklist House on Un-American Activities Committee HUD Hydrogen bombs ICBMs Kent State King, Jr., Martin Luther Little Rock Nine Malcolm X March on Washington Marshall, Thurgood McCarthy, Senator Joseph McNamara, Robert Medicare Meredith, James Montgomery bus boycotts My Lai Incident Napalm NASA National Defense Education Act National Endowment for the Humanities National Organization for Women National Security Act, 1947 New Frontier New Left New York Times v U.S. 1971 Nuclear power Operation Rolling Thunder Paris Peace Accords Parks, Rosa Peace Corps Pentagon Papers Presley, Elvis Radio in 1950’s realpolitik Roe v. Wade, 1973 Rosenbergs, Julius and Ethel S.A.L.T. I and II S.N.C.C. Schafly, Phyllis Selective Service System Senate Watergate Committee Silicon Valley Space Programs Sputnik Steinem, Gloria Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Tet Offensive The Feminine Mystique The National Highway Act United States v Nixon 1974 Vietcong VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 Wallace, George War Powers Act 1973 Warren, Earl Westmoreland, General William Women’s Liberation Woodstock Woodward and Bernstein August 2005 64 United States History Study Guide 1968 Democratic Convention 24th amendment 25th Amendment 26th Amendment Agent Orange American Indian Movement Armstrong, Neil Freidan, Betty Black Panthers Black Power Movement British Invasion-Beatles Brown v Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, 1954 C.O.R.E. Cambodia/Laos Carmichael, Stokley Chavez, Cesar Civil Rights Act of 1964 Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Television Dean, John Détente Duck and Cover Environmental Protection Agency Equal Rights Amendment Ervin, Senator Sam Fall of Saigon, 1975 Bloody riot in 1968 in Chicago to protest the Democratic National Convention because of Democratic support of the Vietnam war. Led to Republican win for the presidency. Eliminated poll tax. Set presidential secession. 18-year olds can vote. Dangerous chemical used in Vietnam to defoliate the dense jungle— later found to be cancer-causing. An often militant Native American rights organization that led the movement to return lost civil rights back to Native Americans. 1969 Astronaut—first man on the moon. Author, lecturer, and leading feminist who founded the National Organization for Women—wrote The Feminine Mystique that inspired growth of the feminist movement . African-American group/political party which pushed for civil rights through the use of violence. Movement lead by Malcolm X and others to separate blacks from whites in order to obtain equality instead of using assimilation/ A British Rock group that propelled rock music into the mainstream of America culture in the 1960’s. Reversed Plessey v. Ferguson—separate but equal is unconstitutional. Congress of Racial Equality—interracial group that worked against segregation in the North. Countries of SE Asia that the US invaded during the Vietnam Conflict in an effort to destroy the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Leader of Black Power movement and SNCC that encouraged separatism. Leader of Hispanic-Americans. Pushed for immigration reform and protection of immigrant workers. Act that prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. All public accommodations are equal access. Initiatives of the 1970’s to prevent air pollution. Initiatives of the 1970’s to prevent water pollution. Becomes dominant in the 1950s. Programming reflected stereotypical American family values. Changes American politics notably with Kennedy/Nixon debates in 1960. Legal council to Nixon in Watergate; eventually testified against Nixon. French word meaning to lower tensions—American attempted under Nixon and other US presidents to lower tension between the US and USSR. 1950s. School policy on nuclear attack preparation. Agency found in 1970 to regulate water and air quality and other environmental concerns. Amendment proposed to end discrimination based on sex. Was not ratified. Leader of Senate Investigation on Watergate. Americans lose Vietnam to the Communists. August 2005 65 United States History Study Guide Fallout Shelters Flexible response Glenn, John Great Society Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Haight-Ashbury Head Start Hiss, Alger Ho Chi Minh Hollywood Blacklist House on Un-American Activities Committee HUD Hydrogen bombs ICBMs Kent State King, Jr., Martin Luther Little Rock Nine Malcolm X March on Washington Marshall, Thurgood McCarthy, Senator Joseph McNamara, Robert Medicare Shelters designated to withstand the results of nuclear disaster. Kennedy’s policy of economic, political, social, and military options in response to the spread of Communism. Example: Green Berets. 1st US astronaut to orbit the earth completely. Domestic policy of Lyndon Johnson – War on poverty, Medicare, aid to education. 1964 Congressional act that allowed the president unlimited power to declare war against aggressive nations without Congress’ approval. Hippie Capital in San Francisco. Great Society plan for preschool education . State Department official that was caught giving Soviet spies classified documents—led communist hysteria and fed McCarthyism. Leader of the communist party in Northern Vietnam. List of Hollywood stars who could not get jobs because of their supposed involvement in communist activities. Congressional committee used to investigate suspected communist activity among American citizens. HUAC led to Senator Joseph McCarthy’s witch hunt for communists in America during the 1950s. Housing and Urban Development – part of Johnson’s “Great Society.” Thermonuclear weapons created during the arms race. America developed the first H-bomb in 1957. 67 times as powerful as the 1st atomic bomb. Long range missiles that could reach other continents without having to be delivered by airplanes, ships, or other modes of transportation. 1970 After Nixon’s approval to invade Cambodia. Site of massive protest against the US involvement in Vietnam. National guard shot into the protesting crowd wounding 9 and killing 4. Civil Rights leader who believed in nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to integrate society. Assassinated in 1968. 1957. Group of nine African-American students who volunteered to integrate the high school in Little Rock, Arkansas. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to enforce federal court decision. Leader of black consciousness movement – Black Nationalism— blacks will gain equality by separating themselves from whites. “By any means necessary.” Contrasted with Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated in 1965. 1963 Civil Rights march on nation’s capital numbering 250,000 to support JFK’s civil rights bill, passed after Kennedy’s assassination. Site of King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. 1st African American Supreme Court Justice and successful lawyer for the Brown v. Board of Education cases. Leader of Red Scare in the 1950s. Secretary of Defense architect of Vietnam policy—LBJ admin. Money for the elderly for healthcare – LBJ’s Great Society program. August 2005 66 United States History Study Guide Meredith, James Montgomery bus boycotts My Lai Incident Napalm NASA National Defense Education Act National Endowment for the Humanities National Organization for Women National Security Act, 1947 New Frontier New Left New York Times v U.S. 1971 Nuclear power Operation Rolling Thunder Paris Peace Accords Parks, Rosa Peace Corps Pentagon Papers Presley, Elvis Radio in 1950’s Realpolitik Roe v. Wade, 1973 Rosenbergs, Julius and Ethel S.A.L.T. I and II S.N.C.C. Schafly, Phyllis Selective Service System Senate Watergate Committee Silicon Valley 1963. First black man to attend the University of Mississippi. Black boycott of bus system in Montgomery, Alabama, that resulted in bus seat integration. Village in northern South Vietnam where more than 200 unarmed civilians, including women and children, were massacred by US troops in May 1968. Gasoline-based bomb used to set fire to jungle areas during Vietnam—ruined civilian lives and villages. American government-sponsored agency for the development of space exploration (National Aeronautical Space Administration). Increased spending on Science and Math to help America compete in the space race. Federal government. support for the arts 1970’s. Leading feminist organization 1966. Created CIA and Dept. of Defense and The National Security Council. Kennedy’s domestic policy including Civil Rights, Space Program. Youth political movement of the 1960's i.e. Students for a Democratic Society. Pentagon Papers ruled open to public based on 1st amendment rights. Increased fear and tensions over nuclear proliferation—bomb shelters, etc… Johnson’s attack on N. Vietnam in 1965. Emphasis on air attacks, a failure. 1973—US withdrawals—war ends in Vietnam. Famous African American who refused to give up a seat on a bus designated for whites only—early event in the developing civil rights movement. A program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Papers proving government cover-up of Vietnam policies NY Times. King of Rock and Roll. Mass entertainment media that helped to spread changing social and cultural values—Beatniks, Rock and Roll. Diplomacy based on strength rather than morals. Example: Nixon. Abortion is a woman’s choice. Soviet spies executed for espionage. Strategic Arms and Limitation Talks were efforts. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Student-driven effort to promote the desegregation of society through passive resistance i.e. sit-ins. A leading conservative thinker who led the resistance to the Equal Rights Amendment. The draft was expanded during WWII and in its aftermath. Committee designated to investigate Nixon Watergate scandal. Development of computer-related technology in California 1970’s. August 2005 67 United States History Study Guide Space Programs Sputnik Steinem, Gloria Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Tet Offensive The Feminine Mystique The National Highway Act United States v Nixon 1974 Vietcong VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 Wallace, George War Powers Act 1973 Warren, Earl Westmoreland, General William Women’s Liberation Woodstock Woodward and Bernstein Fed the US involvement in the space race against the Soviet Union. Russian satellite launched in 1957—1st satellite to orbit the earth— launched space race. Journalist, political activist, and ardent support of the women’s liberation movement. Antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, that called for greater individual freedom and responsibility. A massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968. Book by Betty Freidan that inspired growth of the feminist movement. Led to the development of the interstate highway system we have today. Nixon has to give up tapes and then he would give the court only an edited version—led to Nixon’s resignation. South Vietnamese guerrillas that fought against American soldiers during the Vietnam Conflict. Volunteers in Service To America—domestic Peace Corps. Civil rights act that eliminated the literacy tests and allowed federal examiners to enroll voters who had been previously denied suffrage. Independent presidential candidate in 1968 that helped Nixon by taking 5 southern states in election. Congressional act to limit the president’s power to declare war. Liberal supreme court chief justice who made several landmark decisions which led to an increase in Civil Rights of Americans. American military of leader during the Vietnam Conflict. Movement in the US primarily in the 1970’s to increase women’s rights. 1969 music festival represented the high-water mark of the 1960’s cultural movement. Famous Washington Post reporters that exposed the Watergate Scandal with the help of “Deep Throat.” August 2005 68 United States History Study Guide GOAL 12 Goal 12: The United States since the Vietnam War (1973-present) – The learner will identify and analyze trends in domestic and foreign affairs of the United States during this time period. 12.01 Summarize significant events in foreign policy since the Vietnam War. 12.02 Evaluate the impact of recent constitutional amendments, court rulings, and federal legislation on United States' citizens. 12.03 Identify and assess the impact of economic, technological, and environmental changes in the United States. 12.04 Identify and assess the impact of social, political, and cultural changes in the United States. 12.05 Assess the impact of growing racial and ethnic diversity in American society. 12.06 Assess the impact of twenty-first century terrorist activity on American society. Key Concepts Problems in the Third World Modern-day genocide AIDS and Pandemics Politics of Oil Rise of Religious and Political Radicalism Collapse of Communism European Union Changing roles of International Organizations Role of lobbyists and special interest groups The Supreme Court: o Minority rights o Privacy rights o Conservative judges Recession: Economic Boom and Bust Benefits and conflicts of continued globalization Conservation Measures Impact of economics on: o Lifestyle o Stock market o Job market Impact of technology on way of life August 2005 Changes from industrial economy to service economy Changing Society o Social o Political o Cultural o Demographic Presidential Troubles Major Issues o Health Care o Welfare reform o Medicare o AIDS Growing Cultural Diversity in the United States Questions of Race Population Changes and new demographics Restrictions on Civil Liberties The challenge to the American Spirit The U. S. government’s policy toward terrorism Impact of terrorist threats on U. S. foreign policy 69 United States History Study Guide Key Terms 27th Amendment Affirmative action Afghanistan Airline deregulation Airport security Al-Quaeda Americans with Disabilities Act Amnesty Apartheid Arafat, Yasser Axis of Evil Ayatollah Khomeini Begin, Menachem Bilingual education Bin Laden, Osama Bush, George W. Camp David Accords Carter, Jimmy Challenger disaster Clinton, Bill Computer revolution Department of Energy Department of Homeland Security Election of 1976 Election of 2000 Elections of 1980-2000 Embassy bombings Energy Crisis ESEA-No Child Left Behind Fall of the Berlin Wall Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia Ferraro, Geraldine Flag burning Food stamps Gates, Bill Gingrich, Newt Gorbachev, Mikhail Gore, Al Graying of America Green Card Helsinki Accords Hussein, Saddam INF Treaty Internet Iran-Contra Affair Iranian Hostage Crisis Microsoft NAFTA NASDAQ, 1990’s National debt National Energy Act New Democrat New Federalism Moral Majority Nuclear proliferation O’Connor, Sandra Day Patriot Act Perot, Ross Persian Gulf Wars PLO – Palestine Nationalism Political Action Committees (PAC) Powell, Colin Pre-emptive strikes Presidential pardon Reagan, Ronald Regents of UC v Bakke Rehnquist, William Reverse discrimination Sadat, Anwar el September 11, 2001 Shah of Iran Solar Energy Stagflation Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) Supply-Side economics Swan v Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools Taliban Regime Terrorist network Texas v Johnson Thomas, Clarence Three Mile Island Tiananmen Square Title IX Trickle-down theory U.S. invasion of Lebanon War on Iraq WIN (Ford) World Trade Center Yom Kipper War August 2005 70 United States History Study Guide 27th Amendment Affirmative action Afghanistan Airline deregulation Airport security Al-Quaeda Americans with Disabilities Act Amnesty Apartheid Arafat, Yasser Axis of Evil Ayatollah Khomeini Begin, Menachem Bilingual education Bin Laden, Osama Bush, George W. Proposed September 25, 1789, by James Madison and ratified May 7, 1992. Calls for congressional pay raises only after an election has occurred. A policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged. Begun during the LBJ administration, but criticized as “reversed discrimination” by the New Right during the Nixon administration. Muslim country in Asia that became the home base in 1996 for Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. Afghanistan’s ruling party – the Taliban – a strict Islamic regime, welcomed this terrorist organization. Invaded by the US in March 2003. The practice begun by Ronald Reagan of cutting back of federal regulations of airlines. Airlines could abandon unprofitable routes. A positive result was increased competition and lower prices for consumers. Initiated after September 11, 2001. Increased searches of passengers and baggage by the newly organized Department of Homeland Security. Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden’s terrorist organization who conducted 9/11 attacks in New York City. Established in 1990. This act prohibits private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. A pardon or reprieve. Begun in 1910 and ended in 1992 in South African under Dutch control. The policy called for complete separation of the races in South Africa. South Africa held its first election that allowed black participation in 1992 and Nelson Mandela, the black candidate of the ANC party won. Leader of the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization). Description by President George W. Bush of Iraq, Iran and North Korea. As the leading terrorist nations in the world. Spiritual leader of Iran’s Shiite Islamic population. The exiled Khomeini returned to Iran in 1979 when the Shah fled during a revolution against his regime. Khomeini established a fundamentalist Islamic regime in Iran with a strong anti-American position. Israeli Prime Minister in 1977 who with President Jimmy Carter and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat signed the Camp David Accords which brought peace between the nations of Israel and Egypt. 1968 act and the amendment to the 1975 Voting Rights Act enabled Spanish speakers to attend school and to vote in their own language. Extremist Muslim terrorist from Saudi Arabia who heads Al-Qaeda. He ordered the attack on the World Trade Center on 9/11/2001. Republican President of the United States from 2000 – 2008. After 9/11, Bush embarked on a policy of striking terrorists and suspected terrorists before they could strike the US. He ordered attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq. August 2005 71 United States History Study Guide Camp David Accords Carter, Jimmy Challenger disaster Clinton, Bill Computer revolution Department of Energy Department of Homeland Security Election of 1976 Election of 2000 Elections of 19802000 In November 1978 President Jimmy Carter hosted a peace conference between Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel at the presidential mountain retreat – Camp David. The formal treaty was signed on March 26, 1979, at the White House. The treaty called for the gradual transition to autonomy for the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the Palestinians. Democrat President of the United States from 1976 –1980. Carter had no clear philosophy. His presidency included a recession, the seizure of the US embassy in Iran, and the USSR invasion of Afghanistan. Carter established the policy of human rights when dealing with foreign countries. In 1986 the space shuttle Challenger exploded minutes after takeoff at Cape Canaveral; all aboard perished. Democrat President from 1992-2000. Clinton’s focus as president was more on domestic policy than foreign policy. He promised to move away from traditional Democrat policies. He attempted to move people off welfare and called for growth in private business as a means to economic progress. Clinton was the second president of the U.S. to be impeached. In the 1990’s the computer revolution began as the internet was expanded and personal computers became affordable. Established in 1997 by President Jimmy Carter to handle fuel and other resources more efficiently to protect America from another oil or energy crisis. Created during President George W. Bush’s presidency in 2001 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism. Between President Gerald Ford, who had become president after Richard Nixon resigned, and the Democrat candidate, Jimmy Carter. The issues of the campaign were the former Watergate scandal, the problems in Vietnam, the recession, the Mayaquez debacle, and US relations with China and the USSR. Between Vice President Al Gore and Texas Governor George W. Bush. Green Party candidate Ralph Nader also ran. The disputed election proved to be one of the closest in U.S. history. The dispute centered on the votes and voting in Florida. Bush won Florida, but the Democrats sued and a recount was begun. The Republicans sued and the US Supreme Court decided that Bush won the presidency. Election of 1980: US presidential election in which Republican Ronald Reagan defeated the incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter in wide margin. Election of 1984: US presidential election in which the Republican incumbent Ronald Reagan defeated Democratic challenger Walter F. Mondale and the first woman vice-presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro. Reagan wins by a landslide carrying every state except Minnesota and Washington, DC. Election of 1988: US Presidential election that pitted Republican VicePresident George H. W. Bush against the Democratic nominee Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts. Bush wins with the lowest voter turn-out in 64 years with half of eligible voters turning out to vote. Election of 1992: US presidential election that pitted incumbent President George HW Bush against the Democrat Governor William August 2005 72 United States History Study Guide Embassy bombings Energy Crisis ESEA-No Child Left Behind Fall of the Berlin Wall Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia Ferraro, Geraldine Flag burning Food stamps Gates, Bill Gingrich, Newt Gorbachev, Mikhail Gore, Al Jefferson Clinton. Clinton wins the Presidency and becomes the first member of the baby boom generation to become president. Election of 1996: US Presidential Election: the Democratic incumbent Bill Clinton defeated the Republican challenger Robert Dole. Election of 2000: US presidential election that pitted the Democratic Vice-President Al Gore against the Republican nominee Texas Governor George W. Bush, the son of former President George HW Bush. The election was not decided until December 12, 2000 when the US Supreme Court stopped the manual recount of Florida votes, in effect awarding the presidency to Bush. Embassy bombings: acts of terrorism against the diplomatic buildings of a foreign country in the hopes that the country will reverse a certain foreign policy course. Examples: The bombing of the U.S. Embassy and Marine Barracks in Beirut, 1981 and the bombings of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania by Osama bin Laden. Crisis brought on largely by US dependence on foreign oil and OPEC’s price hike in 1973. Triggered a rise in inflation to a high of 11.3% by 1979. On January 8, 2002, President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). NCLB significantly raises expectations for states, local school systems, and schools in that all students will meet or exceed state standards in reading and mathematics within twelve years. 1989 event that signaled the end of the Cold War between the USA and Russia and the eventual re-unification of Germany. Famine beginning in 1984 brought on by massive drought, political, military, and economic setbacks for the Ethiopian nation. Vice presidential nominee in the 1984 presidential elections for the Democratic Party. First woman to be run for vice-president. Texas vs. Johnson court case deemed that burning a flag was a protected form of speech. A method of providing free food for direct relief for the poor by the Federal Government. American business executive, Gates founded (1974) the Microsoft Corp., a computer software firm, with Paul Allen. They produced and developed International Business Machines (IBM) and the MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), and subsequent programs (including the Windows operating systems). Microsoft became the world's largest producer of software for microcomputers. Republican U.S. congressman from Georgia, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1995-98). He developed the “Contract with America” and was the first Republican Speaker of the House in 40 years. Soviet political leader. In 1985 Gorbachev was appointed general secretary of the Communist party. He embarked on a comprehensive program of political, economic, and social liberalization under the slogans of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). His efforts strongly influenced the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the end of Communist control of Eastern Europe. Vice president of the United States (1993-2001) under Bill Clinton. In 2000, Gore lost presidential bid to George Bush in the 2000 election due to lack of electoral votes. August 2005 73 United States History Study Guide Graying of America Green Card Helsinki Accords Hussein, Saddam INF Treaty Internet Iran-Contra Affair Iranian Hostage Crisis Microsoft NAFTA NASDAQ, 1990’s National debt National Energy Act New Democrat New Federalism Moral Majority Nuclear proliferation O’Connor, Sandra Day Refers to the aging baby boom generation who were born between 1945 to 1960. Documentation that permit foreigners to remain in the United States for a certain amount of time. The Helsinki Accords held the post-World War II European border arrangements to be permanent, and the signers agreed to respect the human rights and civic freedoms of their citizens, as well as to undertake various forms of international cooperation. Dictator of Iraq 1979-2003. Responsible for the First Gulf War after his invasion of Kuwait. Forced out of power in 2003 after a US-led invasion toppled his regime. Captured in December 2003. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty – a 1987 agreement between the US and the Soviet Union that eliminated some weapons systems and allowed for on-site inspection of military installations. A world-wide network, originally developed by US Department of Defense, which links computers and allows almost immediate communication of texts, pictures, and sounds. Secret arrangement in the 1980s to provide funds to the Nicaraguan contra rebels from profits gained by selling arms to Iran. Events following the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran by Iranian students on Nov. 4, 1979. In Jan. 20, 1981, the day of President Reagan's inauguration, the United States released almost $8 billion in Iranian assets and the hostages were freed after 444 days in Iranian detention; the agreement gave Iran immunity from lawsuits arising from the incident. Computer company owned by Bill Gates and led the way to the computer revolution beginning in the 1990s. North American Free Trade Agreement. A 1993 treaty that lowered tariffs and brought Mexico into the free trade zone established by the United States and Canada. National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System. A technology-dominated stock index that became important in the 1990s. The amount of money the Federal government has had to borrow in order to operate. 1979 law supported by the Carter Administration that created a tax on “gas guzzling” cars and promoted tax credits for the use and development of other-than-oil energy sources. Political philosophy developed by President Bill Clinton that embraced both liberal and conservative programs in an attempt to move the Democratic Party to the center. President Richard Nixon’s program to turn over part of the federal government’s power to state and local governments. Late 20th century alliance of conservative special interest groups concerned with cultural, social, and moral issues. The spread of nuclear weapons technology. First female Supreme Court justice. August 2005 74 United States History Study Guide Patriot Act Perot, Ross Persian Gulf Wars PLO – Palestine Nationalism Political Action Committees (PAC) Powell, Colin Pre-emptive strikes Presidential pardon Reagan, Ronald Regents of UC v Bakke Rehnquist, William Reverse discrimination Sadat, Anwar el September 11, 2001 Shah of Iran Solar Energy Stagflation Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) Supply-Side economics Swan v Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools Taliban Regime Post 9/11 law that was created to prevent terrorist attacks on American soil; detractors argue that it gives the Federal government broad powers to infringe on individual rights. Third party presidential candidate who ran unsuccessfully in 1992 and again in 1996. 1991 war against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The United States led a coalition of United Nation forces against Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Palestinian Liberation Organization led by Yasser Arafat until 2004. The PLO has fought for an independent Palestinian homeland on land that is now in Israel. Special interest groups that hope to sway politicians’ decisions in the favor of the PAC. African-American; National Security Advisor to Ronald Reagan; Secretary of State for President George W. Bush in 2000. Military action, often in the form of air strikes or covert commando raids, done by one nation against another. Forgiveness for crimes committed by an individual by the executive branch of government. Though not convicted of any crimes, President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon for any crimes he may have committed while president. 40th President of the United States. Republican. Supreme Court decision that ruled racial quotas were unconstitutional; however, it stated also that schools could still consider race as a factor in admissions. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who was appointed to the Supreme Court by Richard Nixon. Favoring one group of people over the other based on race or gender. Leader of Egypt that took part in the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt that was brokered by President Jimmy Carter. 2001 Terrorist attack of the World Trade Center by Al-Qaeda (led by Osama Bin Laden) using airplanes. Leader of Iran in 1970’s. Accused of being a corrupt dictator and overthrown by rebels led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Energy made from sunlight. High inflation and high unemployment. Technology used to destroy incoming missiles while missiles are still in outer space. Economic initiative championed by President Reagan and thus dubbed “Reaganomics.” Simply put, it called for lower taxes for the wealthy because, theoretically, these p people would spend more money and cause businesses to grow and create jobs. Supreme Court decision that allowed schools to bus students in order to have more racially balanced schools. Strict Islamic government in Afghanistan that protected Bin Laden. August 2005 75 United States History Study Guide Terrorist network Texas v Johnson Thomas, Clarence Three Mile Island Tiananmen Square Title IX Trickle-down theory U.S. invasion of Lebanon War on Iraq WIN (Ford) World Trade Center Yom Kipper War Elaborate network of small groups, or cells, of armed fighters for a particular cause. Each cell is a tight group that answers to an outside leader. This structure eliminates contact between cells and makes it harder to track terrorist movement. Supreme Court decision that invalidated a law that jailed someone for burning the American flag in protest (1989). African American Supreme Court nominee. During Senate’s investigation they found allegations of sexual harassment. Thomas was cleared to serve on the Court. Partial nuclear meltdown at a nuclear energy plant in Pennsylvania. 1989. Chinese students protested against the Communist Regime. They were put down by tanks and military. Attempted to have equality for women in athletics. Requires schools to have equal funding for male and female sports as well as opportunities for females to play traditionally male sports. Supply-Side Economics. Lower taxes – people spend more money – businesses will grow. In 1958 and again in 1983-1984 the United States sent U.S. Marines into Lebanon to protect American interests in the Middle East. George W. Bush’s administration sent troops in to Iraq to overthrow the dictator Saddam Hussein in 2003 hoping to create a democratic government for the people of Iraq. President Gerald Ford: “Whip Inflation Now.” Bombed in 1995 by Middle Eastern Terrorists who used a car bomb. The building survived this attack with minimal loss of life. In 2001 the buildings were destroyed by terrorists who used domestic airplanes as weapons. Resulted in the loss of over 3000 American lives. Egypt against Israel and Syria. The US supplied military aid to Israel and OPEC cut off our oil supply until 1974. August 2005 76
