Download Name

Name________________
Biology Mid-Term Exam Review 2012 – 13
ANSWERKEY
Chapter 1
1. The science or study of life is called Biology.
2. Define biosphere: part of the Earth where all organisms live.
3. Define ecosystem: organisms and the non-living factors in an area.
4. Define population: a group of the same species in an area.
5. List the 8 characteristics of life (Is virus a living thing? – NO)
1. made of at least one cell
2. reproduce
3. based on universal genetic code (have DNA and/or RNA)
4. grow and/or develop
5. obtain and use energy
6. respond to their environment
7. maintain stable internal environment (homeostasis)
8. evolve over time (as a group)
6. What is the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all life functions? cell
7. Several tissues together make up an organ.
8. A red blood cell is an example of what level of organization? cellular
9. What microscope is used to view the internal structures of a specimen? Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
10. What microscope shows 3D surface structures? Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
11. Which microscope uses a beam of electrons to make a specimen visible? Electron Microscope
12. What happens to the field of view of a microscope as the magnification increases? It decreases
13. List the function of the following microscope parts:
a. stage – holds specimen or slide
b. eyepiece – lens you look through to view specimen (ocular lens)
c. diaphragm – adjusts amount of light
d. objective lens – increases or decreases magnification
e. revolving nosepiece – turns objective lens
14. List the magnification of the following:
a. eyepiece 10x
b. low power objective lens x eyepiece 4 x 10 = 40
c. high power objective lens x eyepiece 40 x 10 = 400
1
15. What lab equipment is used to measure volume? Graduated cylinder
16. What scientific unit is used to measure volume? Milliliter (mL) or liter (L)
17. What scientific unit is used to measure length? meter
18. What is the scientific unit of measure for mass? gram
19. List the 6 steps of the scientific method in order:
1. Purpose
2. Research
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
20. What is the control in an experiment? Where the experimental variable is missing
21. What is an independent variable? The variable the experimenter changes
22. What is a dependent variable? The variable that changes as a result of the independent
variable
23. What is the name of the idea that life could come from nonliving matter? Spontaneous
generation.
24. Who was the scientist that disproved the hypothesis of spontaneous generation by using a curved
neck flask? Pasteur
25. Which scientist had the hypothesis that flies produce maggots and tested it using jars and meat?
Redi
Redi- Experimented with covered jars to disprove spontaneous generation.
Needham- Heated gravy & found microorganisms a few days later (wanted to prove
spontaneous generation).
Spallanzani- Boiled gravy in flask and sealed it to support Redi.
Pasteur- Used flask with covered neck to prove that spontaneous generation was not true.
26. Review lab safety rules.
Chapter 18
1. Define taxonomy: science of classifying organisms
2. What are reasons for classifying organisms? makes them easier to study, organizes living
things, shows evolutionary relationships
3. List the levels of classification in order, starting with Domain.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
4. The Phylum Chordata includes humans and other vertebrates and invertebrates. They have the
features such as pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail at some point in
2
their life (in the case of humans and many other vertebrates, these features may only be present in
the embryo).
4. The practice of using two word names for scientific names is known as binomial
nomenclature
5. Linnaeus’ classification was based on structural / physical similarities.
6. The modern taxonomists study the following characteristics of organisms to determine
relationships among organisms.
Structural similarities, DNA, Biochemical similarities, Embryological development,
Reproductive potential, Evolutionary history.
7. In the name Canis lupus, which name is the genus and which is the species?
Canis is the genus; lupus is the species
8. Define species- a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring
9. What does a cladogram show? The evolutionary relationships among organisms / the
taxonomic relationships
10. A phylogenetic (or family) tree illustrates taxonomic relationships.
11. Define the following:
a. prokaryote- organism without membrane bound organelle such as a nucleus
b. eukaryote- organism with membrane bound organelle such as a nucleus
c. autotroph- organism that makes its own food (producer)
d. heterotroph- organism that does not make its own food (consumer)
12. List the six kingdoms with at least one example of an organism for each
Kingdom
Organisms
Archaebacteria
Bacteria that live in extreme
environments; halophiles
Eubacteria
True bacteria, such as streptococcus (the
bacteria that causes strep throat)
Protista
Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena
Fungi
Mold, mushrooms, yeast
Plantae
Ferns, flowers, shrubs, trees, mosses
Animalia
Humans, cats, sponges, coral, fish
13. What is common to all six kingdoms of living organisms DNA
Chapter 2
1. Define matter – anything (except energy) that takes up space and has mass
3
2. List examples of chemical properties: rusting, burning, decomposing
3. Name the 3 subatomic particles and their charges:
a. proton – positive (+)
b. neutron – neutral (0)
c. electron – negative (-)
4. A charged atom is called a(n) ion. (ex. Cations Anions)
5. What particles are found in the nucleus? protons & neutrons
6. What particles are found in energy levels outside the nucleus? electrons
7. Protons plus neutrons equal the atomic mass or mass number.
8. Forms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
9. Two or more elements linked chemically are called compounds.
10. A covalent bond is formed as the result of sharing an electron pair
11. In an endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed.
12. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
13. What is a solution? Even mixture of 2 or more substances
14. What do we call the dissolved substance in a solution? solute
15. The pH scale measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution.
16. What numbers on the pH scale are very acidic? 0-3 Basic? 12-14 Neutral? 7
17. Since each step on the pH scale represents a factor of 10, how much more acidic is lemon juice
(pH of 2.5) than acid rain (pH of 4.5) 100 times.
18. A compound that releases ions other than hydrogen or hydroxide ions is called a salt.
19. Some insects can stand on the surface of water because of property of water called Cohesion
20. The characteristic of water is responsible for preventing a lake from freezing solid is
- ice floats on a lake.
21. What element is found in ALL organic compounds? Carbon
22. Define monomer: single, building block molecule
23. Define polysaccharide: large, complex sugar made up of linked monosaccharides
4
24. What are the polymers of amino acids? proteins
25. Define enzymes: proteins that speed up chemical reactions (end with – ase. Ex amylase)
26. What part of the enzyme is involved in catalytic activity? active site
27. What are the four organic compounds and what are their functions?
1. proteins – form structures such as muscle, etc; carry out chemical reactions
2. carbohydrates – provide energy
3. nucleic acids – store genetic information
A. rough endoplasmic reticulum
4. lipids – store energy
B. cytoplasm
Chapter 7
C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
1. Be able to label the cell parts of an animal
and plant cell.
D. nucleolus
E. nucleus
F. mitochondrion
G. Golgi apparatus
H. ribosome
1. Who first used the term “cells?” Hooke
Who was the first person to identify and see cells? Leeuwenhoek
2. What are the 3 things stated in the Traditional Cell Theory
o living things are composed of one or more cells
and cells come from existing cells by the process of cell reproduction
o cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things
o cells contain specialized structures to perform functions necessary for life
The Modern Cell Theory states the following 3 things (in addition to traditional cell theory)
o Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells
o Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) that is passed from cell to cell during cell
division
o All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species
3. Differentiate between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in the table below.
5
Prokaryotes
1. Do not contain memb bound organelle No nucleus
2. metabolism in cytoplasm
3.simple smaller, mostly unicellular
Ex - Bacteria
4.DNA is circular – present in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes
1.Contain memb bound organelle. Have nucleus.
2. Different parts perform different functions
3. complex larger mostly multicellular (exception
yeast amoeba) Ex. Higher animals plants
4. DNA linear – inside nucleus
4. Which organelle is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Ribosome .
5. What does rough endoplasmic reticulum have on it that smooth ER doesn’t? Ribosomes
6. What are the organelles that make proteins? Ribosomes
7. A cell with lots of ribosomes is probably specialized for protein synthesis.
8. Which cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities? Nucleus
9. What part of the nucleus allows molecules and RNA to leave the nucleus? Nuclear Pore
10. The condensed strands of chromatin that contain the genetic material of cells are called Chromosome
11. Which organelle converts food into compounds that the cell uses for energy? Mitochondria
12. Compared to a skin cell, a muscle cell is likely to have more Mitochondria
13. What is the main function of a cytoskeleton? keeps shape
14. What is the main function of the cell wall? provide structure and protection
15. Plant cells have a larger vacuole than animal cells.
16. What are chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts examples of ? Plastid
What kind of cells have plastids? Plant or animal? Plant
17. A eukaryote having a nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts and mitochondria would probably be a plant
18. Of the following which structure(s) are/is found in all living organisms?
i.
DNA and/or RNA
ii.
Mitochondria
iii.
Nucleus
iv.
Cell wall
19. An important difference between viruses & living cells are that viruses cannot reproduce outside of
cells
20. What is the phospholipid layer of a cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell? cell membrane
21. What are the channels made of that are embedded in the cell membrane? protein
22. What three things can pass through a cell membrane or cell wall easily?H2O, O2, CO2
6
23. Which molecule us most abundant in human body cells? _H2O
24. What is the diffusion of water called? osmosis
25. During diffusion, which way do the molecules move? high  low
Where do molecules move from during active transport? Low  High
26. What kind of transport needs energy? active
27. What happens when a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution? Water leaves and shrinks
What happens when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution? stays the same
What happens when a cell is placed into a hypotonic solution? Water enters and swells
28. If an animal cell is surrounded by fresh water, what will happen to the cell? Burst
What kind of solution is fresh water for animal cell: hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic? hypotonic
29. If a cell had a salt concentration of 10% inside it and it was placed in a 5% salt solution, what would
happen to the cell? Swell What kind of solution is outside: hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic?
30. When cells perform one specific function, that is called as cell _specialization.
Give an example of cell specialization.
Red Blood Cells
31. Blood is considered a tissue because it is composed of different types of Cells working together and
having specific functions.
32. What determines cell shape? function
33. Starting with a cell and ending with an organ system, what are the four levels of organization in
multicellular organisms? cells, tissue, organ, organ system
Chapter 10
1. The larger a cell becomes, the less efficiently it is able to function as its volume increases faster than
its surface area.
2. Before a normal cell becomes too large to carry out normal activities, it will usually divide to form
two daughter cells.
3. The period of cell growth and development prior (before) division is called as interphase.
4. Together, the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are called interphase.
5. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called cell division.
6. Another name for cell division is the M phase.
7. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? during cell division
8. A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have 10 chromatids in the G2 phase.
7
9. The number of sister chromatids in a human body cell that is entering cell division is 92
Figure 10-3
10. The structure labeled A in Figure 10-3 is called the cell plate.
11. The process shown in Figure 10-3 occurs only in plant cells that have just divided.
12. Look at Figure 10-3. The process shown occurs directly following mitosis. This process is called
cytokinesis
13. During metaphase, each chromosome is connected to a(an) spindle fiber at its centromere and is lined
up in the middle of the cell.
14. What makes normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the
bottom of the dish? Contact with other cells
15. If a normal cell is touched on all sides by other cells and is injected with cyclin from a dividing cell,
it probably will start dividing.
16. Proteins called cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
17. Proteins that regulate the cell cycle based on events inside the cell are called internal regulators.
18. In all forms of cancer, the cancerous cells fail to respond to the signals that regulate the cell cycle of
most cells.
19. What are the four phases of mitosis in their correct order?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
20. The spindle helps to separate the chromosomes during mitosis.
21. The two main stages of cell division are mitosis and cytokinesis.
22. What happens during each phase of interphase?
a. G1 - growth
b. S – DNA replicates
c. G2 – chromosomes condense, prepares for mitosis
23. When chromosomes replicate, you get sister chromatids.
8
24. During late telophase, cytokinesis begins.
25. Differentiation is the term used to describe the changes a cell
specializes.
undergoes as it develops and
26. Stem cells are cells that have not yet differentiated.
27. All other body cells except sex cells are called as somatic cells.
28. Diploid cells have 2 complete sets of chromosomes. Haploid cells have 1 set of chromosome.
29. What is a tumor? a mass of cells that have divided out of control
30. Which type of tumor can normally be removed successfully? benign
31. The structure that holds two sister chromatids together is called as a centromere.
32. Surface area to volume ratio decreases as cells get larger.
33. Calculate the following (use formula from the notes)
Cell Size (cm)
Surface Area (cm2)
Volume (cm3)
SA : V ratio
1x1x1
6
1
6:1
2x2x2
24
8
3:1
34
8
17:4
Will the 2x2x2 cell and the 1x1x8 cell have the same volume? Yes
Which of the three will have the longest diffusion times the same? (look at SA:V ratio) 2x2x2
Explain why? It has the least SA:V ratio
1x1x8
Do you know…
 How to convert from English to Metric system
 Functions of different parts and magnification of lenses of compound light microscope
 The experiments performed by Redi, Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur
 How to use the dichotomous key and identify the given organism.
 How to calculate Atomic number, Mass number, # of protons, # of neutrons, # of electrons
 Identify structures of monomers and polymers of carbon compounds.
 Structure and function of different parts of cells (how to identify and label parts of cells)
 What happens to the cell when placed in Hypo Hyper Isotonic solution
 How to calculate SA:V ratio
9

Use the following website to practice Identifying different phases of mitosis in onion root tip
cells.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/01.html

…… then you are prepared!
10