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The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rocks and Minerals
Mid Term I (100 points)
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: ____________
(1) 2 pts. Compared to the age of the Earth accepted as correct today, how did seventeenth and
eighteenth century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age?
A) They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates.
B) They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates.
C) They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years.
D) None of the above, they didn't really address the age of Earth.
(2) 2 pts. A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific
observations.
A) law B) hypothesis C) generalization D) theory
(3) 2 pts. The currently accepted age of the Earth is ________ years.
A) 4.6 billion B) 4.6 thousand C) 6.4 million D) 6.4 trillion
(4) 2 pts.________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past."
A) Biblical prophecy B) Aristotelian logic
C) Uniformitarianism D) Catastrophism
(5) 2 pts. The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.
A) geosphere B) asthenosphere C) astrosphere D) lithosphere
(6) 2 pts. Which is the thinnest Earth layer?
A) Continental Crust
B) Oceanic Crust
C) Mantle
D) Core
(7) 2 pts. Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat goes, what it does to
Earth’s materials, and what those materials do. Include information about the two following questions:
Why do the Earth materials rise? Why do they fall?
(8) 2 pts. What are Earth’s layers based upon physical properties?
A) core, mantle, lithosphere
B) core, mantle, crust
C) core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere
D) inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rocks and Minerals
Mid Term I (100 points)
(9) 2 pts. What are Earth’s layers based upon mineralogy/chemical properties?
A) core, mantle, lithosphere
B) core, mantle, crust
C) core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere
D) inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere
(10) 2 pts. Sedimentary rocks that are dipping at an angle
A) were always that way.
B) have been uplifted/deformed tectonically.
C) are younger than the fault that cut them.
D) are older than the fault that cut them.
E) A & B
F) B & C
G) B & D
(11) 2 pts. What happens to oceanic crust as it gets older, in the correct order?
A) crust cools, becomes more dense, and sinks B) crust becomes more dense and sinks
C) crust gets more dense, cools, and rises
D) crust heats, becomes less dense, and rises
(12) 2 pts. Which is the most dense?
A) continental crust
B) oceanic crust
C) core
D) mantle
(13) 2 pts. Which is the least dense?
A) continental crust
B) oceanic crust
C) core
D) mantle
(14) 2 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration with the correct type of volcano.
Fissure Volcano, Stratovolcano, Shield Volcano, and Caldera Volcano
A) Caldera Volcano
B) Fissure Volcano
C) Stratovolcano
D) Shield Volcano
(15) 2 pts. In the above examples, which is volcano has the highest Silica content?
A) Fissure Volcano
B) Stratovolcano
C) Shield Volcano
D) Caldera Volcano
(16) 2 pts. In the above examples, which is volcano has the lowest Silica content?
A) Fissure Volcano
B) Stratovolcano
C) Shield Volcano
D) Caldera Volcano
(17) 2 pts. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of cross cutting relations?
A) Rocks are younger than a fault if they are cut by the fault.
B) Processes that cut across geological units are older than those geological units.
C) Processes that cut across geological units are younger than those geological units.
D) Fossils are younger than a fault if they are cut by the fault.
(18) 2 pts. In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
A) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere B) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
C) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust D) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rocks and Minerals
Mid Term I (100 points)
(19) 2 pts.________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.
A) Igneous B) Primary C) Sedimentary D) Indigenous
(20) 2 pts.________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.
A) Secondary B) Sedimentary C) Igneous D) Metamorphic
(21) 2 pts. An unconformity is a buried ________.
A) surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below
B) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below
C) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below
D) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below
(22) 2 pts. Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity?
A) Horizontal lava flows lie below the unconformity, and horizontal, sedimentary strata lie above.
B) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity with loose, unconsolidated soil above.
C) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity, and bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the
unconformity.
D) It is the discordant boundary between older strata and an intrusive body of granite.
(23) 2 pts. Visualize five horizontal sedimentary strata exposed in a cliff or canyon wall identified by
consecutive numbers, 1 being the lowest bed and 5 being the highest. Which of the following
statements concerning the strata are TRUE?
A) bed 5 is the oldest B) bed 3 is older than beds 2 and 4
C) beds l and 3 are older than bed 4 D) bed 4 is older than bed 2
(24) 2 pts. By applying the law of superposition ________ ages can be determined.
A) relative B) conventional
C) radiometric D) both relative and radiometric
(25) 2 pts. ________ is an erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger
strata above.
A) A disconformity B) Cross cutting
C) An angular unconformity D) Inverse bedding
(26) 2 pts. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following
statements is correct geologically?
A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.
B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.
C) The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.
D) The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.
(27) 2 pts. Assume that you have just examined several flat-lying sedimentary layers. After much study
you determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layer exists at
this site. You have just discovered a(n) ________.
A) disconformity B) example of cross-cutting relationships
C) series of conformable strata D) angular unconformity
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rocks and Minerals
Mid Term I (100 points)
(28) 2 pts. What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary
strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it?
A) theory of correlative deposition B) law of original correlation
C) law of superposition D) theory of superstition
(29) 2 pts. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years. Assume that a sample of charcoal formed by
burning of living wood 15,000 years ago. How much of the original carbon-14 would remain today?
A) between 33% and 50% B) between 25% and 50%
C) more than 50% D) between 12.5% and 25%
(30) 4 pts. In the chart of radioactive decay
shown at the right>>>>
(a) how many half-lives have elapsed by this
time? __2__
(b) how many half-lives have elapsed by this
time? __3__
(31) 2 pts. Which of the following energy
sources is thought to drive the lateral
motions of Earth's lithospheric plates?
A) electrical and magnetic fields localized in
the inner core
B) swirling movements of the molten iron
particles in the outer core
C) export of heat from deep in the mantle
to the top of the asthenosphere
D) gravitational attractive forces of the Sun
and Moon
(32) 2 pts. Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a ________ plate boundary.
A) convergent B) divergent
C) transform D) all plate boundaries
(33) 2 pts. New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________.
A) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
B) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
C) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
D) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
(34) 2 pts. The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a ________.
A) continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros Mountains along the southern margin of
Eurasia
B) transform fault aligned with the Red Sea carrying the Arabian and African blocks in opposite
directions
C) continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separate
D) fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into Turkey
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rocks and Minerals
Mid Term I (100 points)
(35) 2 pts. The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision.
A) westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plate
B) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red Sea
C) northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California toward the Hawaiian Islands
D) northward movement of India into Eurasia
(36) 2 pts. Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________.
A) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge
B) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge
C) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis
D) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma
(37) 2 pts. The energy for Plate Tectonics comes from
A) the magnetic field of the earth
B) heat from the sun
C) gravity between the earth and moon
D) ocean currents
E) heat from the earth's core
(38) 2 pts. The Himalayas are associated with which of the following plate boundaries?
A) Ocean-continental convergence
B) Ocean-ocean convergence
C) Continent-continent convergence
D) Divergent
E) Transform Fault
(39) 2 pts. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of:
A) Two Ocean plates converging
B) Two Continental plates converging
C) Diverging plates
D) Hot Spots
E) Transform Fault Boundary
(40) 2 pts. The youngest seafloor rocks are found:
A) nearest to the mid-ocean ridges
B) nearest to the continental shelves
C) evenly distributed throughout the ocean
D) underneath the continents
E) where the ocean is the flattest
(41) 2 pts. During large subduction zone
earthquakes, some areas go up and some areas go
down. a. true b. false.
(42) 2 pts. Interseismic strain in a subduction zone
looks like the drawing at the right>>>
a. true b. false
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rocks and Minerals
Mid Term I (100 points)
(43) 4 pts. The distance
between the modern
Hawaii Volcano (Mauna
Loa = 0 years old) and the
island that is circled is
3,200 km. What is the
plate motion rate for the
past 30 million years?
(Round your answer to
the nearest mm.)
A. 156 mm/year
B. 458 mm/year
C. 107 mm/year
D. 352 mm/year
(44) 2 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration with the correct type of plate boundary.
Convergent, Transform, Divergent
TRANSFORM
DIVERGENT
CONVERGENT
(45) 2 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration where you would find each type of volcano:
Shield Volcano, Rift Volcano, Stratovolcano, Fissure Volcano
Stratovolcano
Fissure Volcano
Rift Volcano
Shield Volcano
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rocks and Minerals
Mid Term I (100 points)
(46) 4 pts. List the units and processes from oldest to youngest.
Delete this:
A
B
C
D
E
L
K
M
F
G
H
J
I