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Name: ____________________________ Period: _____ Date: _______________________ The Human Anatomy Book BIOLOGY: CH 35 - 40 Overview of the Human Organ Systems Pgs 892-893 TABLE OF CONTENTS: Anatomy Quiz 1 Levels of Organization /Body Tissues Body Systems Overview Chart Anatomy Quiz 2 Skeletal System Muscular System Integumentary System Organ systems tissues organism cells organs Cells: smallest unit of structure and function in living things. Anatomy Quiz 3 Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues: a group of similar cells working together. Anatomy Quiz 4 Lymphatic System Circulatory System Respiratory System Organ Systems: a group of different organs working together to do a specific job. Organs: a group of different tissues working together to do a specific job. Organisms: a living thing that carries out its own life activities. Anatomy Quiz 5 Digestive System Excretory System Epithelial The Human Eye is an organ of the body that contains all four types of tissues. Most organs are made up of the four types of tissues, but they are organized in different ways. TISSUE Epithelial (fast growth for quick replacement) Nervous Connective FUNCTIONS LOCATION / EXAMPLE Skin and lining of mouth Glands and tissues that cover and line inside and outside body Connective Supports and connects parts of body Bone ligaments tendons blood Nervous Carries nerve impulses Brain spinal cord and nerves movement Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Muscle # 1. 2. 3. Name Nervous System Integumentary System Functions Barrier to infection, temperature control, protects from UV Skin hair nails sweat and oil glands Exchange O and CO2 for respiration Lungs trachea bronchi alveoli diaphragm Mouth pharynx esophagus stomach, small and large intestine rectum Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs Respiratory System Breaks down food 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Digestive System Excretory System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System Endocrine System Eliminates wastes to maintain homeostasis Supports, protects, movement, stores minerals, makes RBC Bones, ligaments, tendons cartilage Movement, circulation and moves food through digestive tract Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles Carries food, hormones and oxygen to cells, carries away wastes, fights infection, regulates body temperature heart arteries veins capillaries RBC WBC platelets plasma Glands…thyroid, adrenals, pancrease, ovaries, testes, pituitary Controls growth, metabolism and homeostasis Gametes (egg and sperm) Testes penis Ovaries uterus Protects against disease, collects fluid WBC, lymph, spleen Reproductive System Immune/Lymphatic Systems Major Organs Coordinates response to change (stimuli) Brain Spinal Cord Neurons Main Function: to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances and cells. Non-Specific 1st Line of Defense Kill, trap and prevent pathogens from entering the body. 2nd Line of Defense Skin: includes hair and nails Body Secretions: tears, mucous, sweat Body Openings: pores Inflammation: a reaction to tissue that is damaged caused by injury or infection. Inflammatory Response (fights all infections) Fever: increase in the body’s core temperature (like an alarm going off to let the body know that it has been invaded by a foreign substance) Specific 3rd Line of Defense (fights specific infections) Includes the two types of immunity: Humoral and CellMediated Antigens: a substance that triggers the immune response Antibodies: proteins that help destroy pathogens White Blood Cells: aka leukocytes – help fight pathogens B cells: lymphocytes that provide immunity against pathogens in body fluids T cells: lymphocytes that defend the body against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells. Phagocytes: WBC that eats and engulfs foreign cells. HUMORAL IMMUNITY: CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY: This occurs when exposure to certain diseases produce permanent immunity because it stimulates B cells in the immune system to make antibodies when antigens are detected. When antibodies are not able to defeat a pathogen, specialized lymphocytes take over the job. List the function for each: Structure of an Antibody Antibodies bind to antigens at 2 sites, clumping them together. Phagocytes then come in and digest them. Helper T cells Function: Bind to infected cells Killer T cells Kill the infected cells Suppressor T cells Tell B cells to stop making antibodies Memory T cells Remembers what the pathogen looks like IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS Allergies: inflammatory response caused by an over-reaction of the immune system to antigens. Asthma: severe allergic response which cause air passages to become more narrow than normal. Autoimmune - the immune system mistakes its own body’s cells as foreign and attacks them. Two examples are Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Main Function: helps to protect the body from disease by collecting fluids lost fluids from blood vessels and returning them to the circulatory system. PARTS Lymph Lymph Vessel Lymph Node Tonsils Spleen Thymus Gland DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION fluid that collects in lymphatic capillaries and slowly flows into larger lymph vessels structures that contain valves to keep lymph from flowing backwards. small beanlike structures that act as filters trapping bacteria and other microorganisms. clumps of tissue on either side of the throat that filter and destroy bacteria. crescent shaped structure that helps filter/cleanse the blood and remove damaged red blood cells. Located near the sternum (breast bone), it secretes a hormone that help T cells mature. Label the diagram below with the parts in the chart on the left. Tonsils Thymus Gland Spleen Lymph Nodes Lymph Vessels Main Function: Produce and deliver sperm to the female’s ova (egg) for fertilization. Male Anatomy Part Penis Urethra Scrotum Testes Epididymis Function External structure of a male used in reproduction. Carrie sperm and semen through the penis but not at the same time. External sac in which the testes are located. Structure where sperm is created. Bladder Structure where sperm fully mature and are stored. Structure that carries sperm to mix with semen for ejaculuation. Gland that contributes nutrient rich liquid to make the semen Stores urine Ureter Carries urine from kidneys to bladder Seminal vesicle Another gland that contributes to the production of semen. Rectum Anal opening Vas deferens Prostate gland Female Anatomy Part Function Ovary Structure in which eggs are matured Fallopian Tube Fluid filled structure that carries the egg to the uterus – place where egg becomes fertilized. Structure that fertilized egg will implant itself for 9 months – if not fertilized, it will move out during menstrual cycle. The outer end of the uterus Uterus Cervix Vagina Labia “the birth canal” where penis is received during intercourse and baby moves out of at delivery. The external structures of the female reproductive anatomy Label the diagram below with the correct parts listed to the left. Ureter Seminal Vesicle bladder Rectum Prostate Gland Vas Deferens Penis Epididymis Urethra Testes Scrotum Label the diagram below with the correct parts listed to the left Fallopian Tubes Ovary Uterus Cervix Vagina Labia Consists of: heart, blood vessels, blood, MAIN FUNCTIONS: 1. carries oxygen, food and hormones to cells 3. regulates body temperature 2.carries away wastes 4. fights infection and clots blood PARTS OF THE BLOOD: Label the parts of blood: Part Plasma Function Water, gases, salts, nutrients,enzymes, hormones, wastes LIQUID Red Blood Cells Carry OXYGEN HEMOGLOBIN erythrocytes White Blood Cells Fight infection Leukocytes Platelets Clotting factors Plasma Platelets White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells Types of Blood Vessels: Label the different blood vessels: Blood Vessel Artery Vein Capillary Function Large muscular Carries oxygen rich blood AWAY Smaller with valves Carries oxygen poor blood TO Smallest…exchange of gases and waste with cells Heart Parts: Part Heart Septum Atrium (Atria) Ventricle(s) Function Pump Divides Top chambers Bottom chambers Arteries Capillaries Veins How the Heart Works The heart has two separate pumps… Pumping Pathway Side of Heart Rt ARt Vpul Pulmonary RIGHT arteryLUNGSL A Circulation (lungs) Systemic LEFT Circulation L ALVaortabodyvena cava Rt A (body tissues) Circulatory System Diseases / Conditions Cancer of WBC (leukocytes) Leukemia Hemophilia Arteriosclerosis Cannot clot blood Plaque builds up inside arteries Brain death due to lack of circulation Stroke High Blood Pressure When the fluid pressure in the arteries is too hard Label the parts of respiration: Part Nose, Mouth Pharynx Function Clean, warm , moisten air Passage for both food and air Nose Nose Flap that keeps food out of lungs Epiglottis voicebox Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Windpipe, lined with cilia Tubes leading to each lung Air sacs where exchange of gases takes place Alveoli Lung Diaphragm Organs of gas exchange Breathing muscle Mechanics of Breathing Draw a diagram illustrating what the diaphragm and chest cavity do during the following processes. Inhalation: Ribs rise and diaphragm drops Exhalation: Ribs and diaphragm go back in place Main Function: ___________________________________ Part Mouth & Salivary Glands A. Function & Enzymes / Secretions Involved Mechanical and chemical digestion Amylase-starch digestion Food tube B. C. D. Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine (colon) Mechanical and chemical digestion Pepsin-protein digestion HCL acid Lipase-fat digestion Bile from liver Villi for absorption E. F. H. G. Reabsorbs water Bacteria breaks down and releases vit. K Stores waste Rectum A. salivary gland_ B. mouth C. esophagus D.stomach E. large intestine Other Organs Involved in Digestion Produces bile –breaks apart fats Liver Pancreas Gall bladder F. small intestine_ G. rectum_ H. _anus 3-way enzymes-carbs, fats and proteins Stores bile Label the parts of diagram: MAIN FUNCTION: _____________________ Organ Kidney: Ureter: Adrenal gland Function Filters blood, maintains pH, regulates water balance (blood volume) Carries urine from kidneys to bladder Urinary bladder: Urethra: Stores urine kidney Carries urine from bladder to outside body Ureter Lung: Release carbon dioxide and water vapor Skin: Releases water and salts Other Organs of Excretion bladder urethra Control of Kidney Function What is ADH?_____________________________________________________________________________ Actions of ADH as a Feedback Mechanism. __________ amount of water in blood and __________amount of urine produced. Tells pituitary that amount of ________ in blood is low. Tells pituitary that amount of ________ in blood is high. Releases __________ into bloodstream. Stops releasing __________ into bloodstream Reabsorb more / less water. Reabsorb more / less water. ____________ amount of water in blood and _________ amount of urine produced. MAIN FUNCTIONS: supports 1. ______________________ ______________________ protects organs 2. ______________________ ______________________ stores minerals 3. ______________________ ______________________ makes RBC 4. ______________________ STRUCTURES *Label on picture DESCRIPTION / FUNCTION Dense *Compact bone Less dense, found beneath compact *Spongy bone Red-makes RBC Yellow-stores fat *Bone marrow ______________________ 5. aids in movement *Cartilage Flexible connective tissue found in ears, nose and between some bones (babies!) __________________ ______________________ PROBLEMS: Osteoporosis is a weakening of bones due to loss of calcium that is more common in older women. Connects bone to bone Ligament Connects bone to muscle Tendon 3 TYPES OF JOINTS 1. Immovable (fixed) joint • movement:_______________________ JOINTS • ex.__________________________ a. Ball-and-Socket • movement:________________________ • ex.___________________________ 2. Freely Moveable joint b. Hinge • movement: wide range of movement • movement:_____________________ • ex. bone ends covered in cartilage • ex.________________________ 3. Slightly Movable joint • movement:_______________________ c. Gliding • movement:___________________________ • ex.__________________________ • ex: ___________________________ MAIN FUNCTION: _____________________________ ____________________________________________ Interaction of Muscles, Bones and Nerves MUSCLE TYPE 1. ___________________communicate LOCATION IN BODY with muscle fibers, causing them to Skeletal - _________________ and do work. __________ 2. Skeletal muscles attach to bone by (strength) ___________ and are found in pairs. When one contracts, the opposite Smooth - muscle relaxes, creating ________ & __________ (hold) _________. 3. When a muscle contracts, its length Cardiac - gets_________. When it relaxes, it gets __________ _________. (endurance) CONSISTS OF: ______________________ ___________________________________ MAIN FUNCTIONS: PART Label on picture FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION Epidermis 1. ________________________________ 2. ________________________________ 3. ________________________________ Dermis 4. ________________________________ 5. ________________________________ Hair & Nails The Skin blood vessels muscle Skin Cancer Excessive exposure to the sun’s UV radiation can produce skin cancer. The most severe and fatal type of skin cancer is called malignant melanoma. Signs to look for:_________________________ sweat gland fat nerve oil gland hair follicle ________________________________________ CONSISTS OF: Glands -_____________________________ MAIN FUNCTION:__________________ ____________________________________ _________________________________ Hormone - ____________________________ _________________________________ ____________________________________ Glands and the Hormones they Release: ENDOCRINE GLAND HORMONE EXAMPLE Pituitary Gland Human Growth Hormone Thyroid Gland Thyroxin Pancreas Insulin Adrenal Gland Adrenaline Ovary Estrogen & Progesterone Testes Testosterone FUNCTION DISORDERS INTERACTION OF GLANDS: Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is located in the ______________ and controls the release of hormones from the ____________________ gland. It is an important link between the endocrine and _________________ systems. The brain and glands work together to maintain homeostasis through a process called negative and positive ___________ __________________. The feedback the brain gets is from the information it collects as the hypothalamus monitors the bloodstream. MAIN FUNCTION: ___________________________________________ CONSISTS OF: _____________________________________________ A __________ is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells called ____________. Neurons carry electrical messages called ________________ throughout the body. Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called ____________________ must travel through the space called _______________ between two neurons. Main Parts of a Neuron: muscle tissue dendrite axon Cell Body: __________________________ ____________________________________ Dendrites:___________________________ ____________________________________ cell body Axon: ______________________________ ____________________________________ TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON 3 Types of Neurons: Sensory neuron: ______________________ ______________________ Interneuron: ______________________ ______________________ Motor neuron: ______________________ ______________________ synapse Nerves and Muscles REFLEX ARC Nerves work together with muscles for movement. An impulse begins when one neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the sense organs. The impulse travels down the axons of _______________________ _____________ to the brain cells called _____________________. The brain will then send an impulse through _____________ ______________________ to the necessary muscle or organs, telling it to contract. A _____________ is an involuntary response that is processed in the ____________________________ not the brain. Sensory neuron Motor neuron Muscle Interneuron in spinal cord Two Main Divisions of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System Consists of the ________ & ____________________________ Part to label Cerebrum brain Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata (brainstem) Spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System Consists of the __________________ division & __________________ division. Function