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The Human Anatomy Book
BIOLOGY: CH 35 - 40
Overview of the Human Organ Systems Pgs 892-893
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Anatomy Quiz 1
Levels of Organization /Body Tissues
Body Systems Overview Chart
Anatomy Quiz 2
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Integumentary System
Organ systems
tissues
organism
cells
organs
Cells: smallest unit of structure and function in living things.
Anatomy Quiz 3
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Tissues: a group of similar cells working together.
Anatomy Quiz 4
Lymphatic System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Organ Systems: a group of different organs working together to do
a specific job.
Organs: a group of different tissues working together to do a
specific job.
Organisms: a living thing that carries out its own life activities.
Anatomy Quiz 5
Digestive System
Excretory System
Epithelial
The Human Eye is an organ of the
body that contains all four types of
tissues. Most organs are made up of
the four types of tissues, but they are
organized in different ways.
TISSUE
Epithelial
(fast growth for quick
replacement)
Nervous
Connective
FUNCTIONS
LOCATION / EXAMPLE
Skin and lining of mouth
Glands and tissues that cover and line
inside and outside body
Connective
Supports and connects parts of
body
Bone ligaments tendons blood
Nervous
Carries nerve impulses
Brain spinal cord and nerves
movement
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Muscle
#
1.
2.
3.
Name
Nervous System
Integumentary
System
Functions
Barrier to infection, temperature control,
protects from UV
Skin
hair
nails
sweat and oil glands
Exchange O and CO2 for respiration
Lungs
trachea
bronchi
alveoli
diaphragm
Mouth pharynx
esophagus
stomach, small and
large intestine
rectum
Kidneys, bladder,
ureters, urethra,
skin, lungs
Respiratory System
Breaks down food
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Digestive System
Excretory System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Circulatory System
Endocrine System
Eliminates wastes to maintain
homeostasis
Supports, protects, movement, stores
minerals, makes RBC
Bones, ligaments,
tendons cartilage
Movement, circulation and moves food
through digestive tract
Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
Carries food, hormones and oxygen to
cells, carries away wastes, fights
infection, regulates body temperature
heart
arteries veins
capillaries
RBC WBC platelets
plasma
Glands…thyroid,
adrenals, pancrease,
ovaries, testes,
pituitary
Controls growth, metabolism and
homeostasis
Gametes (egg and sperm)
Testes penis
Ovaries uterus
Protects against disease, collects fluid
WBC, lymph, spleen
Reproductive
System
Immune/Lymphatic
Systems
Major Organs
Coordinates response to change (stimuli) Brain
Spinal Cord
Neurons
Main Function: to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign
substances and cells.
Non-Specific
1st Line of Defense
Kill, trap and prevent
pathogens from entering the
body.
2nd Line of Defense
Skin: includes hair and nails
Body Secretions: tears, mucous, sweat
Body Openings: pores
Inflammation: a reaction to tissue that is damaged caused by
injury or infection.
Inflammatory Response
(fights all infections)
Fever: increase in the body’s core temperature (like an alarm
going off to let the body know that it has been invaded
by a foreign substance)
Specific
3rd Line of Defense
(fights specific infections)
Includes the two types of
immunity: Humoral and CellMediated
Antigens: a substance that triggers the immune response
Antibodies: proteins that help destroy pathogens
White Blood Cells: aka leukocytes – help fight pathogens
 B cells: lymphocytes that provide immunity against
pathogens in body fluids
 T cells: lymphocytes that defend the body against
abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells.
 Phagocytes: WBC that eats and engulfs foreign cells.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY:
This occurs when exposure to certain
diseases produce permanent immunity
because it stimulates B cells in the immune
system to make antibodies when antigens
are detected.
When antibodies are not able to defeat a
pathogen, specialized lymphocytes take over
the job. List the function for each:
Structure of an Antibody
Antibodies bind to antigens
at 2 sites, clumping them
together. Phagocytes then
come in and digest them.
Helper T cells
Function:
Bind to infected cells
Killer T cells
Kill the infected cells
Suppressor T cells
Tell B cells to stop making
antibodies
Memory T cells
Remembers what the
pathogen looks like
IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS
Allergies: inflammatory response caused by an over-reaction of the immune system to antigens.
Asthma: severe allergic response which cause air passages to become more narrow than normal.
Autoimmune - the immune system mistakes its own body’s cells as foreign and attacks them. Two
examples are Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Main Function: helps to protect the body from disease by collecting fluids lost fluids from
blood vessels and returning them to the circulatory system.
PARTS
Lymph
Lymph Vessel
Lymph Node
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus Gland
DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION
fluid that collects in lymphatic
capillaries and slowly flows into larger
lymph vessels
structures that contain valves to keep
lymph from flowing backwards.
small beanlike structures that act as
filters trapping bacteria and other
microorganisms.
clumps of tissue on either side of the
throat that filter and destroy bacteria.
crescent shaped structure that helps
filter/cleanse the blood and remove
damaged red blood cells.
Located near the sternum (breast
bone), it secretes a hormone that help
T cells mature.
Label the diagram below with the parts
in the chart on the left.
Tonsils
Thymus Gland
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Vessels
Main Function: Produce and deliver sperm to the female’s ova (egg) for fertilization.
Male Anatomy
Part
Penis
Urethra
Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Function
External structure of a male used in
reproduction.
Carrie sperm and semen through the
penis but not at the same time.
External sac in which the testes are
located.
Structure where sperm is created.
Bladder
Structure where sperm fully mature
and are stored.
Structure that carries sperm to mix
with semen for ejaculuation.
Gland that contributes nutrient rich
liquid to make the semen
Stores urine
Ureter
Carries urine from kidneys to bladder
Seminal
vesicle
Another gland that contributes to the
production of semen.
Rectum
Anal opening
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Female Anatomy
Part
Function
Ovary
Structure in which eggs are matured
Fallopian Tube
Fluid filled structure that carries the
egg to the uterus – place where egg
becomes fertilized.
Structure that fertilized egg will implant
itself for 9 months – if not fertilized, it
will move out during menstrual cycle.
The outer end of the uterus
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Labia
“the birth canal” where penis is
received during intercourse and baby
moves out of at delivery.
The external structures of the female
reproductive anatomy
Label the diagram below with the correct parts
listed to the left.
Ureter
Seminal
Vesicle
bladder
Rectum
Prostate
Gland
Vas
Deferens
Penis
Epididymis
Urethra
Testes
Scrotum
Label the diagram below with the
correct parts listed to the left
Fallopian Tubes
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Labia
Consists of: heart, blood vessels, blood,
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
1. carries oxygen, food and hormones to cells
3. regulates body temperature
2.carries away wastes
4. fights infection and clots blood
PARTS OF THE BLOOD:
Label the parts of blood:
Part
Plasma
Function
Water, gases, salts, nutrients,enzymes,
hormones, wastes LIQUID
Red Blood
Cells
Carry OXYGEN
HEMOGLOBIN
erythrocytes
White Blood
Cells
Fight infection
Leukocytes
Platelets
Clotting factors
Plasma
Platelets
White Blood
Cells
Red Blood Cells
Types of Blood Vessels:
Label the different blood vessels:
Blood Vessel
Artery
Vein
Capillary
Function
Large muscular
Carries oxygen rich blood AWAY
Smaller with valves
Carries oxygen poor blood TO
Smallest…exchange of gases and
waste with cells
Heart Parts:
Part
Heart
Septum
Atrium (Atria)
Ventricle(s)
Function
Pump
Divides
Top chambers
Bottom chambers
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
How the Heart Works
The heart has two separate pumps…
Pumping
Pathway
Side of
Heart
Rt ARt Vpul
Pulmonary RIGHT
arteryLUNGSL A
Circulation
(lungs)
Systemic LEFT
Circulation
L ALVaortabodyvena
cava Rt A
(body
tissues)
Circulatory System Diseases / Conditions
Cancer of WBC (leukocytes)
Leukemia
Hemophilia
Arteriosclerosis
Cannot clot blood
Plaque builds up inside arteries
Brain death due to lack of circulation
Stroke
High Blood Pressure
When the fluid pressure in the arteries is too hard
Label the parts of respiration:
Part
Nose, Mouth
Pharynx
Function
Clean, warm , moisten air
Passage for both food and air
Nose
Nose
Flap that keeps food out of lungs
Epiglottis
voicebox
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Windpipe, lined with cilia
Tubes leading to each lung
Air sacs where exchange of gases takes place
Alveoli
Lung
Diaphragm
Organs of gas exchange
Breathing muscle
Mechanics of Breathing
Draw a diagram illustrating what the
diaphragm and chest cavity do during
the following processes.
Inhalation:
Ribs rise and
diaphragm
drops
Exhalation:
Ribs and
diaphragm go
back in place
Main Function: ___________________________________
Part
Mouth &
Salivary
Glands
A.
Function & Enzymes / Secretions
Involved
Mechanical and chemical
digestion
Amylase-starch digestion
Food tube
B.
C.
D.
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
(colon)
Mechanical and chemical
digestion
Pepsin-protein digestion
HCL acid
Lipase-fat digestion
Bile from liver
Villi for absorption
E.
F.
H.
G.
Reabsorbs water
Bacteria breaks down and
releases vit. K
Stores waste
Rectum
A. salivary gland_
B. mouth
C. esophagus
D.stomach
E. large intestine
Other Organs Involved in Digestion
Produces bile –breaks apart fats
Liver
Pancreas
Gall bladder
F. small intestine_
G. rectum_
H. _anus
3-way enzymes-carbs,
fats and proteins
Stores bile
Label the parts of diagram:
MAIN FUNCTION: _____________________
Organ
Kidney:
Ureter:
Adrenal gland
Function
Filters blood, maintains pH, regulates water
balance (blood volume)
Carries urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary
bladder:
Urethra:
Stores urine
kidney
Carries urine from bladder to outside body
Ureter
Lung:
Release carbon dioxide and water vapor
Skin:
Releases water and salts
Other Organs of Excretion
bladder
urethra
Control of Kidney Function
What is ADH?_____________________________________________________________________________
Actions of ADH as a Feedback Mechanism.
__________ amount of
water in blood and
__________amount of
urine produced.
Tells pituitary that
amount of
________ in blood
is low.
Tells pituitary that
amount of
________ in blood
is high.
Releases
__________ into
bloodstream.
Stops releasing
__________ into
bloodstream
Reabsorb more /
less water.
Reabsorb more /
less water.
____________ amount of
water in blood and
_________ amount of
urine produced.
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
supports
1. ______________________
______________________
protects organs
2. ______________________
______________________
stores minerals
3. ______________________
______________________
makes RBC
4. ______________________
STRUCTURES
*Label on
picture
DESCRIPTION / FUNCTION
Dense
*Compact bone
Less dense, found beneath compact
*Spongy bone
Red-makes RBC Yellow-stores fat
*Bone marrow
______________________
5. aids in movement
*Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue found in ears,
nose and between some bones (babies!)
__________________
______________________
PROBLEMS:
Osteoporosis is a weakening of
bones due to loss of calcium that
is more common in older women.
Connects bone to bone
Ligament
Connects bone to muscle
Tendon
3 TYPES
OF JOINTS
1. Immovable (fixed) joint
• movement:_______________________
JOINTS
• ex.__________________________
a. Ball-and-Socket
• movement:________________________
• ex.___________________________
2. Freely Moveable joint
b. Hinge
• movement: wide range of movement
• movement:_____________________
• ex. bone ends covered in cartilage
• ex.________________________
3. Slightly Movable joint
• movement:_______________________
c. Gliding
•
movement:___________________________
• ex.__________________________
• ex: ___________________________
MAIN FUNCTION: _____________________________
____________________________________________
Interaction of Muscles, Bones and Nerves
MUSCLE
TYPE
1. ___________________communicate
LOCATION IN BODY
with muscle fibers, causing them to
Skeletal -
_________________ and do work.
__________
2. Skeletal muscles attach to bone by
(strength)
___________ and are found in pairs.
When one contracts, the opposite
Smooth -
muscle relaxes, creating ________ &
__________
(hold)
_________.
3. When a muscle contracts, its length
Cardiac -
gets_________. When it relaxes, it gets
__________
_________.
(endurance)
CONSISTS OF: ______________________
___________________________________
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
PART
Label on
picture
FUNCTION / DESCRIPTION
Epidermis
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
Dermis
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________
Hair &
Nails
The Skin
blood
vessels
muscle
Skin Cancer
Excessive exposure to the sun’s UV radiation can
produce skin cancer. The most severe and fatal type of
skin cancer is called malignant melanoma.
Signs to look for:_________________________
sweat
gland
fat
nerve
oil gland
hair
follicle
________________________________________
CONSISTS OF:
Glands -_____________________________
MAIN FUNCTION:__________________
____________________________________
_________________________________
Hormone - ____________________________
_________________________________
____________________________________
Glands and the Hormones they Release:
ENDOCRINE
GLAND
HORMONE
EXAMPLE
Pituitary
Gland
Human
Growth
Hormone
Thyroid
Gland
Thyroxin
Pancreas
Insulin
Adrenal
Gland
Adrenaline
Ovary
Estrogen &
Progesterone
Testes
Testosterone
FUNCTION
DISORDERS
INTERACTION OF GLANDS:
Hypothalamus:
The hypothalamus is located in the
______________ and controls the release
of hormones from the
____________________ gland. It is an
important link between the endocrine and
_________________ systems.
The brain and glands work together to
maintain homeostasis through a process
called negative and positive ___________
__________________.
The feedback the brain gets is from the information it collects as the hypothalamus monitors the bloodstream.
MAIN FUNCTION: ___________________________________________
CONSISTS OF: _____________________________________________
A __________ is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells called ____________. Neurons carry
electrical messages called ________________ throughout the body. Because neurons never touch,
chemical signalers called ____________________ must travel through the space called _______________
between two neurons.
Main Parts of a Neuron:
muscle
tissue
dendrite
axon
Cell Body: __________________________
____________________________________
Dendrites:___________________________
____________________________________
cell
body
Axon: ______________________________
____________________________________
TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON
3 Types of Neurons:
Sensory neuron:
______________________
______________________
Interneuron:
______________________
______________________
Motor neuron:
______________________
______________________
synapse
Nerves and Muscles
REFLEX ARC
Nerves work together with
muscles for movement. An
impulse begins when one neuron
is stimulated by another neuron or
by the sense organs. The impulse
travels down the axons of
_______________________
_____________ to the brain cells
called _____________________.
The brain will then send an
impulse through _____________
______________________ to the
necessary muscle or organs,
telling it to contract.
A _____________ is an involuntary
response that is processed in the
____________________________
not the brain.
Sensory
neuron
Motor
neuron
Muscle
Interneuron
in spinal
cord
Two Main Divisions of the Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System
Consists of the ________ & ____________________________
Part to label
Cerebrum
brain
Cerebellum
Medulla
Oblongata
(brainstem)
Spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of the __________________ division & __________________ division.
Function