Download Psy 215 Lifespan Development Section III Study Guide Fall, 2014 1

Psy 215 Lifespan Development
Section III Study Guide Fall, 2014
1.
What type of aging involves the age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health
habits, or disease?
a.
Senescence
b.
Compensatory decline
c.
Intellectual aging
d.
Secondary aging
2.
What is the most powerful factor that interacts with age to influence patterns of secondary aging?
a.
Gender
b.
Personal happiness
c.
Social class
d.
Life satisfaction
3.
Which of the following is the most common measure of overall aerobic fitness of the heart and lungs?
a.
VCO2 max
b.
Systolic blood pressure
c.
Maximum oxygen uptake
d.
Carbon dioxide production
4.
Which of the following occurs in approximately 20% - 25% of IVF pregnancies?
a.
They have triplets.
b.
They have twins.
c.
They have children born with birth defects.
d.
They fail to carry the pregnancy to delivery.
5.
Which of the following terms is used to describe an individual's belief in her capacity to cause an intended
event to occur, or to perform a task successfully?
a.
Self-expression
b.
Self-efficacy
c.
Self-esteem
d.
Self-worth
6.
Marcus has a flat tire on the way to work. He curses and says, "This always happens to me!" Marcus has
known for several months that he needs to buy new tires for his car. This is an example of which of the
following?
a.
Self-efficacy
b.
Self-denial
c.
An external locus of control
d.
An internal locus of control
7.
People are most likely to be happy and healthy when which of the following circumstances exists in their
lives?
a.
When they are born into wealthy families and never have to face the economic stresses of life.
b.
When they have a realistic understanding of what they can and cannot control in their life.
c.
When they have an external locus of control combined with optimism.
d.
When they resign themselves to the fact that they really don't have any control over what happens to
them.
8.
What is the most commonly occurring bacterial STD in the United States?
a.
Gonorrhea
b.
Syphilis
c.
Chlamydia
d.
HPV
9.
Most of the sexual violence in the United States takes place in which of the following contexts?
a.
Marriage
b.
Stalking of the victim by an unknown person
c.
Social or romantic relationships
d.
A nonpremeditated attack by a stranger
10.
What (is) are the most common mental disorder(s) affecting young adults?
a.
Schizophrenia
b.
Dementia
c.
Anxiety and mood disorders
d.
Personality disorders
11.
Which type of personality disorder is characterized by difficulty forming emotional attachments, lack of
empathy, and little regard for the rights of others?
a.
Antisocial personality disorder
b.
Borderline personality disorder
c.
Histrionic personality disorder
d.
Narcissistic personality disorder
12.
Which of the following would you utilize as you quickly and accurately work a cross-word puzzle?
a.
Crystallized intelligence
b.
Dialectical thought
c.
Encoding skills
d.
Fluid intelligence
13.
Which of the following terms describes the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship
without losing one's own sense of self?
a.
Attachment
b.
Identity infusion
c.
Intimacy
d.
Generativity
14.
What do statistics say about the household composition of families in the United States?
a.
Coupled households are disproportionately headed by men.
b.
Coupled households are still more common among adults than those headed by singles.
c.
Single head of households are becoming less common.
d.
The majority of households are made up of single persons living alone.
15.
John is looking for a wife. He wants a partner who has a similar background in matters like education and
religious upbringing. Which of the following mate selection strategies is John using?
a.
Trait sorting
b.
Heterogeneity
c.
Homogamy
d.
Exchange theory
16.
Arlis and Anthony are committed to each other and even treat each other with respect when they argue. They
listen to one another and keep working until they find a solution. Which of the following terms would
Gottman use to describe them as a couple?
a.
Volatile
b.
Avoidant
c.
Agreeing
d.
Validating
17.
Which of the following is one of the most crucial issues in the interactions that affect the success of a
marriage?
a.
Whether the use of power is overt or covert
b.
The relative proportion of negative and positive everyday encounters
c.
The sexual compatibility of the couple
d.
Whether disagreements are resolved or ignored.
18.
What percentage of U.S. adults between the ages of 20 and 34 have never been married?
a.
26%
b.
34%
c.
45%
d.
58%
19.
Which of the following is true of cognitive functioning and automobile accidents?
a.
Middle-aged adults are more likely to get into an accident because of the lapses in cognition and slower
reaction times.
b.
There isn't a statistically significant difference between the accident rates of middle-aged adults and
younger adults.
c.
Young adults are more likely to get into an accident because of larger synaptic gaps.
d.
Young adults are more likely to get into an accident because of lapses of judgment and a higher
likelihood of drinking alcohol.
20.
Which of the following is a factor that is likely to lead to clinical depression during and after menopause?
a.
The number of life stressors present both before and during menopause
b.
Whether or not a woman had regular menstrual cycles before menopause
c.
Absence of depression before menopause
d.
Fewer physical symptoms of menopause
21.
What is the most common mechanism that causes heart disease?
a.
Decreasing oxygen supply to the heart due to the build-up of plaque on artery walls
b.
Decreasing oxygen supply to the heart due to the rupture of an artery
c.
Increasing pressure on the heart because of untreated high blood pressure
d.
Shock to the heart caused by high levels of cortisol
22.
What is the leading cause of death among adults in the United States?
a.
Obesity-related illness
b.
Strokes
c.
Cardiovascular disease
d.
Diabetes-related complications
23.
Which of the following represents the BEST example of the Type A personality characteristic that is most
strongly linked to cardiovascular disease?
a.
Beth is motivated by her desire to be the team leader in her division, but her co-workers dislike her
aggressive strategies.
b.
Bill's responsibilities dictate his urgent, fast-paced life, and he constantly checks his watch to make
sure that he is on time and on schedule.
c.
When Jack loses a business deal, he takes his anger and hostility out on other drivers during his
evening commute.
d.
JoAnn is unable to retain a secretary because she is constantly instructing them on how to use their
time and energy more efficiently.
24.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the relationship between gender and health?
a.
In general, men complain about their health more than women do.
b.
Women tend to live longer but they also have more diseases and disabilities.
c.
Men die younger and tend to have more diseases and disabilities.
d.
Men are more likely to describe their health as poor than are women.
25.
In middle adulthood, which of the following correlate with socioeconomic class and are predictive of health?
a.
Overall health and income level
b.
Educational level and ethnicity
c.
Occupational level and education
d.
Ethnicity and social networks
26.
According to Denney's model, the maximum level of cognitive and physical function an individual can
achieve with exercise
a.
steadily decreases as the individual ages.
b.
steadily increases as the individual ages.
c.
is determined by social class, gender, and ethnicity.
d.
stabilizes at about age 40.
27.
What is the term used by Baltes and Baltes to refer to the process of balancing the gains and losses associated
with aging?
a.
Senescence
b.
Selective remembering with mnemonic compensation
c.
Selective optimization with compensation
d.
Judicial optimization of resources
28.
Overall physical health and cognitive performance in middle adulthood are most closely linked to
a.
family history and genetic predisposition.
b.
low-fat, high-fiber diet.
c.
optimistic attitude.
d.
physical exercise.
29.
How does aging affect memory?
a.
Memory ability declines with age, and by middle adulthood significant decline has occurred.
b.
By age 45, an individual would have more difficulty retrieving a semantic memory than an episodic
memory.
c.
With advancing age, individuals tend to remember fewer specific details of a story and more of the
theme or meaning of the story.
d.
With advancing age, auditory memory declines rapidly, but visual memory is stable or improves.
30.
According to Erikson, which of the following would cause a person to experience a mid-life crisis?
a.
A sense of generativity
b.
An external locus of control
c.
A loss of self-efficacy
d.
A sense of stagnation
31.
Psychiatrist George Vaillant has identified a stage between intimacy and generativity. What is the name of
this stage?
a.
Career generativity
b.
Job satisfaction
c.
Mid-life transition
d.
Career consolidation
32.
When a person is confronted with a task which they are compelled to perform but for which they are ill
prepared, which of the following are they likely to experience?
a.
Role strain
b.
Stagnation
c.
Role conflict
d.
Role disparity
33.
The person who is forced to take on responsibilities which are in constant competition with each other is
experiencing which of the following?
a.
Role disparity
b.
Role diffusion
c.
Role conflict
d.
Role strain
34.
What does the term sandwich generation refer to?
a.
Two-income families where the family members' busy schedules mean that meals are seldom eaten
together as a family
b.
Middle-aged adults who provide assistance to both their children and their aging parents
c.
Middle-aged workers who find themselves trapped between dissatisfaction with their job and financial
obligations to their family
d.
Mid-life childless couples whose career demands conflict with their desire to spend time with their
family
35.
Which of the following best describes the nature of friendship in middle adulthood?
a.
Adults have more friends in mid-life than at any other point in adulthood.
b.
The social circle is smaller, but the friendships are as intimate and close as at earlier ages.
c.
The need for a social network increases across mid-life.
d.
The increased role strain and role conflict of middle adulthood require additional emotional support
from friends outside the family.
36.
Which of the Big Five traits are likely to decline as adults age?
a.
Neuroticism, openness, agreeableness
b.
Openness, extraversion, neuroticism
c.
Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness
d.
Conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism
37.
Which of the following is most likely to deal effectively with on-the-job stress?
a.
Mabel, who is high in extraversion and conscientiousness
b.
Jackson, who is high in agreeableness and neuroticism
c.
Melva, who is low in openness and extraversion
d.
Johnathan, who is low in conscientiousness and extraversion
38.
What is selective optimization with compensation?
a.
The job interview process
b.
The process of downsizing in a corporation and its effects on middle-aged workers
c.
Focusing on central tasks, maintaining abilities, and overcoming obstacles
d.
Choosing a new job based on whether or not it allows for advancement and increased future income
potential
39.
Why will every industrialized nation in the world face a demographic crisis in the near future?
a.
The social security systems in these countries will be bankrupt.
b.
The number of young adults will far outnumber the elderly.
c.
There will be fewer young and middle-aged workers to provide for the financial well-being of the
elderly.
d.
The current generation is not adequately planning for retirement.
40.
What does your text point out as a major factor in determining the overall well-being of older adults, even if
they have a chronic disease?
a.
Optimism
b.
Marital status
c.
Social networks
d.
Retirement income
41.
Which of the following terms applies to intellectually demanding tasks such as managing finances and paying
bills?
a.
Instrumental activities of daily living
b.
Activities of daily living
c.
Daily tasks
d.
Instrumental personal tasks
42.
Which of the following seems to be even more important in older age as a contributor to longevity and good
health?
a.
Relationship status
b.
Exercise
c.
Recreational activities
d.
Social networks
43.
What is the name of the string of repetitive DNA at the tip of each chromosome in the body?
a.
Reticular formation
b.
Teledyne
c.
Synapse
d.
Telomere
44.
Which of the following suggests that all adults retain excellent function until their physical and mental
functioning plummets in the few years before death?
a.
The spiral hypothesis
b.
The downward trajectory hypothesis
c.
The sundowning factor
d.
The terminal drop hypothesis
45.
What is the biggest single behavioral effect of age-related physical change in late adulthood?
a.
Increased irritability
b.
Loss of energy
c.
Lack of sexual desire
d.
A general slowing down
46.
Which of the following is definitively diagnostic of Alzheimer's disease?
a.
The presence of plaque in the arteries of the brain
b.
The presence of chronic mild dementia
c.
Changes seen on an MRI scan as the person is showing cognitive declines
d.
The presence of neurofibrillatory tangles in the brain
47.
Which of the following is true regarding the risk factors for depression and dysthymia among the elderly?
a.
The strongest predictor of depression and dysthymia among older persons is marital status.
b.
Among the elderly, depressed men outnumber depressed women two to one.
c.
Elders living in poverty are at a higher risk for depression than others.
d.
Well-educated older adults are more likely to be depressed.
48.
Which of the following is a cognitive characteristic that includes knowledge and its application to problem
solving?
a.
Intelligence
b.
Wisdom
c.
Horse sense
d.
Creativity
49.
How did Erikson characterize the developmental task of late adulthood?
a.
Industry versus inferiority
b.
Generativity versus stagnation
c.
Ego integrity versus despair
d.
Intimacy versus isolation
50.
Which of the following best describes ego integrity?
a.
Serving as a steward for the heritage of the next generation
b.
Being able to incorporate oneself into the identity of another person without fear of losing oneself
c.
Being honest about the good and bad aspects of life.
d.
Coming to terms with the life one has lived and accepting the inevitability of death
51.
What, according to activity theory, could older adults do to have the most psychologically and physically
healthy response to old age?
a.
Eliminate excessively demanding roles and save their energy for truly important roles
b.
Maintain the highest possible activity level and the largest possible number of roles
c.
Increase their physical activity, preferably through aerobic and weight-bearing exercise
d.
Reduce their activity and involvement in most of their social roles
52.
Which of the following is an aspect of disengagement theory?
a.
shrinkage of life space.
b.
increased responsibility.
c.
decreased individuality.
d.
passive extrication from roles.
53.
Which of the following best summarizes the paradigm of successful aging proposed by Rowe and Kahn?
a.
The healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement
in the greatest number of roles.
b.
An aging adult is not governed by the expectations of others that she fulfill certain roles.
c.
Religious coping and the use of religious belief and practice are effective means of adapting to aging.
d.
Successful aging integrates components of physical, cognitive, and social health that are influenced by
earlier behaviors and decisions.
54.
Which component of social support seems to be most meaningful to elderly adults?
a.
Knowing that others can be depended upon to help when their assistance is needed
b.
The opportunity to reciprocate and give support as well as receive it
c.
The frequency of social contacts with friends, family, and community members
d.
Instrumental support, such as help with chores, rather than emotional support
55.
Mr. Jones is a healthy 75-year-old widower who lives independently on his comfortable pension. What factor
is most likely to cause a change in his independent living status?
a.
Being encouraged by his son to join his son's household and spend more time with his grandchildren
b.
Development of a mild or moderate disability or health problems such as diabetes
c.
Development of a significant health problem
d.
A decrease in his pension income and financial circumstances
56.
Which of the following is for elderly adults who need more assistance than is available at an independent
living community, but are not in need of constant supervision?
a.
Nursing home care
b.
Assisted living
c.
Nursing center care
d.
Outpatient care
57.
Which of the following is an accurate description of partner relationships in later life?
a.
According to research, marital satisfaction is lower in the late adult years than when children are still at
home.
b.
Older adult couples typically are not sexually active.
c.
Older couples report lower levels of conflict in their relationships than do middle-aged couples.
d.
Married older adults who spend less time with their spouses report high levels of happiness.
58.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding older adults' relationships with their
children?
a.
Healthy relationships with their children contribute to happiness and well-being, but are not necessary
for it.
b.
When relationships with children are warm and caring, the older adult is more likely to be healthy and
happy.
c.
Relationships with adult children are very important in collectivist cultures, but not in individualistic
cultures.
d.
Most older adults rely more on their adult children for help and support than anyone else.
59.
What effect is retirement likely to have on health?
a.
Little or no effect
b.
It is likely to effect men but not women.
c.
The health of men declines rapidly after retirement.
d.
The health of women is more likely to be affected by retirement.
60.
Which of the following is an approach to caring for the terminally ill that focuses on individual and family
control over the process of dying?
a.
DNR
b.
Hospice care
c.
Skilled nursing
d.
Home-health
61.
In the United States and other industrialized countries, where do most adults die?
a.
At home
b.
In a hospice
c.
In a hospital
d.
In a nursing home
62.
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the philosophy behind hospice care?
a.
The patient should actively fight death by avoiding pain medications and using all measures to prolong
life.
b.
The patient and the family should prepare by talking openly and planning for after the death.
c.
The family should be involved in the patient's care as much as possible.
d.
The patient and the family should control decisions about the patient's care and treatment.
63.
Which type of care focuses on relieving a terminally ill patient's pain, rather than curing the illness?
a.
Merciful
b.
Palliative
c.
Hospital
d.
euthanasia
64.
Which of the following most accurately characterizes what a child younger than five years of age would
understand or believe about death?
a.
That death is permanent
b.
That death is reversible
c.
That death is tragic
d.
That death is universal
65.
Which of the following terms explains a young adult's belief that she is too lucky to die, even though she
knows that death can happen to other people?
a.
A borderline personality disorder
b.
Denial
c.
Egocentrism
d.
Unique invulnerability
66.
How does thinking about time change in middle adulthood?
a.
Time seems to move faster than it did in young adulthood
b.
Time seems to move slower than it did in young adulthood
c.
Thinking in terms of years rather than decades
d.
Thinking in terms of time until death rather than time since birth
67.
Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the fear of death?
a.
Old age is the time when death is most feared.
b.
Older adults fear the period of uncertainty before death, such as whether they will be able to cope with
the loss of control and independence.
c.
Researchers have found that adults who are deeply religious and adults who are totally irreligious may
fear death less than those who are ambivalent about a religious or philosophical tradition.
d.
Adults who believe their lives have had purpose or meaning appear to be less fearful of death.
68.
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's model of the psychological preparations
for death?
a.
Acceptance
b.
Anger
c.
Bargaining
d.
Preparation
69.
According to the research conducted by Greer, which of the following groups had the longest survival rates
from a terminal illness?
a.
Those whose attitude was stoic acceptance
b.
Those whose attitude was denial or a fighting spirit
c.
Those whose attitude was quiet resignation
d.
Those whose attitude was anger
70.
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of grief proposed by Catherine Sanders?
a.
Awareness of loss
b.
Conservation/withdrawal
c.
Healing and renewal
d.
Life review and reminiscence
71.
Which of the following is true regarding the absent pattern of grief?
a.
This pattern of grief is very unhealthy and typically has severe negative consequences.
b.
The person feels little or no notable distress at any time following a death.
c.
This pattern is the healthiest form of grief because it indicates rapid and complete psychological
adjustment to the loss.
d.
This pattern is associated with increased mortality of survivors.
72.
Which of the following is a condition that can occur if a grieving individual experiences depression-like
symptoms, such as loss of appetite, for more than two months following the loss of a loved one?
a.
Borderline personality disorder
b.
Geriatric dysthymia
c.
Pathological grief
d.
Post-traumatic stress disorder