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2/28 A Republic, If You Can Keep It: The Making of the U.S. Constitution .................................1
3/5 Impermanent Alliances and Quasi Wars ...................................................................................5
3/7 Gary Nash: Could the Founding Fathers Have Abolished Slavery? .........................................8
3/9 The Jefferson and Madison Administrations .............................................................................8
3/21 Internal Improvements and Market Revolutions ...................................................................11
3/26 Down and Out, a.k.a The Social Consequences of the Market Revolution ...........................15
3/28 Infinite Perfectability ............................................................................................................18
4/2 The Age of Jackson: Jacksonian Democracy or Curing Corruption with Spoils ....................19
4/4 Indian Removal/Westward Expansion....................................................................................23
4/9 The African Diaspora...............................................................................................................25
4/11 American Slaveries ................................................................................................................25
4/16 A Nation of Compromises .....................................................................................................28
4/18 The Mexican War ..................................................................................................................29
4/23: Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott, and the political crisis of the 1850s ......................................30
4/25: The Civil War and Its Legacies ............................................................................................32
2/28 A Republic, If You Can Keep It: The Making of the U.S. Constitution
Lecture Synopsis: Lecture 13 focuses on the development of the Articles of Confederation, and how
social problems caused by the Articles acted as a catalyst for the development of the Constitution of the
United States of America.
This lecture covered the framing of the United States Constitution; we saw the creation of The
Articles of Confederation and Land Ordinances that systematically divided the land into
territories. The Articles failed and a Constitutional convention was held to draft a bold new
Constitution. A Federal system was chosen, the Connecticut Plan would dictate how the
legislature would work, and a system of checks and balances was put in place to prevent too
much power in a single branch of government. The delegates created a radically new government
that was founded on reason, principle and experience.
The problems with the Articles of Confederation included: there was no judicial or executive
branch, the congress had no power to levy taxes, and you had to have 9/13 of the colonies agree
before a law could be put in place. The five important things about the Constitution include: the
government was highly favorable to creditors, lenders, and shippers, it created a federal system,
it established a legislature as the most important branch of government, it put in place the system
of checks and balances, and it affirmed popular sovereignty.
Articles of Confederation: The Articles of Confederation represent the first constitutional agreement
made between the 13 American states. There was a need for unity among the new states that were created
as a result of the American Revolution.
Articles of Confederation- drafted in 1777 by John Dickinson, it proposed a weak government
with only a legislative branch. Enforced popular sovereignty and power within the states but
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lacked a central power. It was forced into reconsideration because it could not deal with the
national debt from the war.
Confederation Congress- instituted the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance
of 1787 which created 5 territories in the West and caused conflict with Native Americans and
British military who still resided there.
The Virginia Assembly met at the Annapolis Convention and the Constitutional Convention,
which drafted a new constitution:
1. created favorable government for merchants.
2. created a federal system under which political power is shared by states and national
government.
3. established the most important bicameral legislative branch with Senate (equal
representation) and House of Representatives (proportional representation) under the
Connecticut Plan, or the Great Compromise. This caused a conflict between the
Northern and Southern states as to whether slaves should be counted in the
population, which would affect representation. The 3/5 Compromise made slaves
count as only three-fifths of a person for representation.
4. prevents accumulation of power in one individual so there are three branches of
government: executive, legislative, judicial. Checks and Balances keep one branch
from accumulating too much power.
5. popular sovereignty gives power to the people.
The new Constitution had enlightenment concepts, such as reason and progress.
Annapolis Convention: A regional meeting at Annapolis, Md., in September 1786; it was an important
rallying point in the movement toward a federal convention to revise the inadequate Articles of
Confederation.
Constitutional Convention: Stimulated by severe economic troubles, which produced radical
political movements such as Shay’s Rebellion, and urged on by a demand for a stronger central
government, the convention met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (May 25–Sept.
17, 1787), ostensibly to amend the Articles of Confederation. Drew up the Constitution of the
United States.
Virginia Plan: On May 29, 1787, Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph proposed what became
known as "The Virginia Plan." Written primarily by fellow Virginian James Madison, the plan
traced the broad outlines of what would become the U.S. Constitution: a national government
consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. In its
amended form, this page of Madison's plan shows his ideas for a legislature. It describes 2
houses: one with members elected by the people for 3-year terms and the other composed of
older leaders elected by the state legislatures for 7-year terms. Both would use population as a
basis for dividing seats among the states.
Virginia Plan: James Madison’s plan, a bicameral legislature, meaning two chambers, a Senate,
which would have proportional representation, and a House of Representatives, which would be
determined by population. The Virginia Plan would favor large states; voice would be
determined by size of state. Small states rejected the plan.
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Virginia Plan: The Virginia Plan was proposed by James Madison to solve two problems. The
first, should delegates tinker with the Articles, or should they start over? And the second, how
can the government balance the interests of both large and small states? The plan gave Congress
basically unrestricted rights of legislation and taxation, power to veto state laws, and authority to
use military force against states. It specified a bicameral legislation and made representation in
both houses of Congress proportional to each state’s population. Votes elect delegates and the
houses would jointly name the president and judges.
New Jersey Plan: At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, a deep division emerged between
the large, more populated states and the smaller states over the apportionment of the national
legislature. William Paterson, a delegate from New Jersey, proposed an apportionment plan on
behalf of the small states that would allow each state to have one vote in a unicameral Congress.
New Jersey Plan: The New Jersey Plan was proposed by William Paterson, basically a counter
proposal of the Virginia Plan. The problem to solve, the question of representation. The plan
allowed the seven smallest states, with only 25% of the U.S. population, to control the Congress.
However, both of the plans were compromised by the Great Compromise, also known as the
Connecticut Plan.
Great, or Connecticut, Compromise: This was the compromise that formed our government.
They compromised between the two different plans, the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. The
Virginia Plan was a two-house congress with the number of votes based on population. The
Jersey Plan was one house and each state had an equal number of votes. The Connecticut Plan
was a combination of both plans, 2 houses with 1 based on population and the other equal
amounts of votes.Roger Sherman, from Connecticut, played a large role in constructing the
Compromise, creating the Senate and House of Representatives
Popular Sovereignty: Political doctrine that allowed the settlers of U.S. federal territories to
decide whether to enter the Union as free or slave states. It was applied by Sen. Stephen A.
Douglas as a means to reach a compromise through passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Critics
of the doctrine called it "squatter sovereignty." The resulting violence between pro- and
antislavery factions showed its failure as a workable compromise.
Checks and Balances:A process where different branches of the government keep the other
branches in check. The purpose is so that no one branch gets too much power.
Federalists wanted the Constitution ratified and to have a central government to maintain the
country.
Antifederalists wanted to stay as Confederate states where the power would remain within the
states. They feared that a centralized government would be too removed from the people and
give rise to tyranny.
The Federalist Papers: Written by the federalists Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
John Jay, The Federalist Papers are a series of eighty-five newspaper articles written as political
analysis of the Constitution and provide insight to the framers’ intentions in designing the
Constitution. Throughout the documents, the authors argue that the Constitution had two main
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purposes: to defend minority rights against majority tyranny and to prevent a stubborn minority
from blocking measures necessary for the national interest. They are a primary source for
interpretation of the Constitution.
Land Ordinance or 1785: Created a standardized procedure for settlement of the West. They
divided the land into squares.
Land Ordinance of 1785- Adapted by the United States Congress on May 20, 1785. Under the
Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of
the inhabitants of the United States. Therefore, the immediate goal of the ordinance was to raise
money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies
acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War.
Northwest Ordinance (1787): authorized division of land into five territories, Wisconsin,
Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, provided that once the population of adult males in a
territory reached 5,000 they could draft a temporary constitution and elect an assembly, once it
reached 60,000 inhabitants they could petition for statehood. This ordinance put Americans in
tremendous conflict with Native Americans who still inhabited the lands.
Northwest Ordinance (1787) The Northwest Ordinance was a unanimously passed act of the
Continental Congress creating the first organized territory of the United States. This territory
extended west of the Ohio River, South of the Great Lakes, to the Mississippi River. The
ordinance was significant for establishing how the United States would expand west. Congress
would appoint a territorial governor and judges for the early stages of settlement. When the
population of adult males reached 5,000 residents would write a temporary constitution and elect
a legislature, and at 60,000 write a state constitution for Congressional approval for statehood. .
On August 7, 1789, the U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under
the Constitution.
Shay’s Rebellion (1786): Daniel Shays led 2,000 angry farmers in a march to local courthouses
where they attempted to prevent further foreclosures and tax auctions. Shay and his followers
won control of the Massachusetts legislature in 1787, taxes were cut and Shy was pardoned, his
rebellion encouraged aggressive nationalists to push for reform.
3/5 Compromise: Every slave would count as 3/5 of a person, Southern wealth was tied up into
slavery and the Constitution prohibited Congress from outlawing slavery until 1808. Southerners
insisted slaves count as part of the population since they represented so much of the South. As a
compromise, it was decided that slaves would count as 3/5 of a person, and the Union was kept
from being destroyed.
The 3/5 Compromise: Counted slaves as 3/5 of a person in order to settle dispute between
Northern states and Southern states (Northern states didn’t think Southern states should get more
votes in the House of Representatives because of the slave population)
Bicameral Legislature: A bicameral legislature is a two house legislative body. This was what
was decided on for our government at the Constitutional Convention. There would be 1 house
based on population and the other house would have 2 representatives from each state.
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Separation of Powers: When forming our government, the planners did not want to give all the
power to one person. They devised a plan that would effectively separate all powers of
government. There was the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and each branch had
specific duties.
3/5 Impermanent Alliances and Quasi Wars
Lecture Synopsis: In solution to the debt of the country Hamilton comes up with 3 reports:
public credit, national bank and manufacturing. Public credit entailed that the U.S. would take
out new loans in the forms of bonds which was a good plan so long as the U.S. stayed in debt so
that people would keep investing in it. The creation of a national bank provided smaller banks a
safe place to put their money and also provided multiple loans for Government. A tax on
whiskey was put into act and gave way to the whiskey rebellions that were targeted at tax
collectors. French Revolution rejected the Christian Church and take out all monarchy of Europe,
U.S. stayed neutral but still traded with the French. Western settlers apposed Hamilton’s reports
and soon gave way to two different societies Democratic and Republican.
Synopsis 2: In 1789 the Constitution was beginning to take shape. George Washington was
elected to be the first president; however, many feared the amount of power that was granted to
him. Federalists and Anti-Federalists became to an agreement on the Bill of Rights. Alexander
Hamilton was President Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton’s financial goals
included: to strengthen the nation against foreign enemies and lessen the threat of disunion. The
United States was in severe debt from the Revolutionary War, Hamilton recommended that the
federal government fund the national debt by raising $54 million in new securities to honor
Revolutionary debt. Hamilton sold federal lands in the west to pay off the money owed to
Europeans. Hamilton proposed the National Bank, which would capture a substantial portion of
recently funded debt and make it available for loans. Also he called for American selfsufficiency.
Quasi War:
 Congress responding to XYZ Affair
 Congress sent 54 ships to protect US commerce
 An undeclared Franco-American naval conflict in Caribbean from 1798-1800. By 1799,
France no longer considered a threat
Quasi-War: The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United
States and France from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict is sometimes also referred
to as the Undeclared War with France.
Alexander Hamilton: Served in Continental army, favored strong Government to support army.
Hamilton’s plan: three famous reports, 1. Public Credit, 2. National Bank and 3. Manufacturing.
Hamilton persuaded Congress to pass tax on whiskey, which caused a problem for farmers who
gave their crops to whiskey distillers. Protest broke out against tax that targeted tax collectors.
Alexander Hamilton - was an army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician,
leading statesman, financier and political theorist. In an effort to deal with the enormous national
debt, President Washington called in Hamilton. Hamilton favored a strong central government
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and he devised a brilliant plan to deal with the national debt. He first issued the Report on the
Public Credit which sought to pay off national debt by selling western lands and using bonds
which was also a way of providing investors with a monetary interest in the country. Then,
Hamilton released the Report on a National Bank (1790) which called for the establishment of a
national bank. Finally he issued the Report on Manufacturers recommending economic
policies to stimulate the new republic and make it independent from British manufacturing still
controlled by King George III via taxing imports. Hamilton believed that the economy of the
United States relied on a stable mercantile economy.
Proclamation of Neutrality: During the French Revolution the French expected the U.S. to help
however the U.S. claimed Neutrality and wouldn’t come to help all they would do is trade with
the French.
Proclamation of Neutrality: When France declared war on England on February 1, 1793,
Washington issued the proclamation, warning American citizens to avoid involvement in the
hostilities, a strictly European war. Washington used the word "neutrality." It was omitted in
order not to offend Great Britain, with whom America had ongoing business relationships. The
proclamation was signed on April 22, 1793 in Philadelphia by Washington
Impressment: Sailors would be up ducted and forced to join British Government. (Like in the
movie Secondhand Lions)
Quasi-Wars: All started with the X,Y and Z affair, in response to the X,Y and Z affair Congress
armed 54 ships in order to protect U.S. Commerce, these ships joined in the Quasi-Wars in the
Caribbean. The U.S. forces seized 93 French ships and just lost one.
X, Y, Z Affair: The XYZ incident occurred while France was at war with Great Britain. The
British had captured many French ships during that war. As a result, France depended on
American ships to carry on the trade between France and the United States. But the French
became enraged at the Americans in 1796, when the U.S.-British Jay Treaty took effect. The
exchange included outrageous demands from France. The three French agents who made these
demands became known as X, Y, and Z. The XYZ Affair led to fighting at sea between the
United States and France, though war was never declared.
Alien and Sedition Acts: a group of four acts passed by the Federalists during the Adams
Administration. These were: 1. The Naturalization Act which extended the duration of residence
required for aliens to become citizens, from five years to fourteen. Enacted June 18, 1798, with
no expiration date, it was repealed in 1802. 2. The Alien Friends Act authorized the president to
deport any resident alien considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States."
Enacted June 25, 1798, with a two year expiration date. 3. The Alien Enemies Act (official title:
An Act Respecting Alien Enemies) authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident
aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States. Enacted July 6, 1798, with no
expiration date, it remains in effect today as 50 USC Sections 21-24. 4. The Sedition Act (official
title: An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes against the United States) made it a crime to
publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials.
Enacted July 14, 1798, with an expiration date of March 3, 1801.
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Alien Acts: Was put into effect to protect national security and was designed to prevent wartime
spying and sabotage. The Act entailed that when a citizen from a hostile Country posed a threat
they would be either deported or jailed. This act wasn’t passed.
The Alien Act: Deport citizens who they felt didn’t have the same political views
Naturalization Act: Required that in order to become a U.S. citizen you would have to have
been a resident for five to fourteen years. This particular act was meant to reduce Irish voting.
This act was denounced by Republicans.
The Sedition Act: Outlawed any writings against President
 Arrested many democrats
 Many thought unconstitutional
Sedition Act:
o Established in 1792, President Adams neither requested or wanted the act
o Purpose to distinguish between free speech and attempts to encourage the
violation of federal laws
o Made it illegal to speak, write, or print any statement that would bring the
president into dispute.
o Forbade individual or a group to oppose any measure of the United States.
Alien Friends Act:
o Enforceable in peacetime until June 1800
o Authorized president to expel foreign residents whose activities were considered
dangerous.
o Required no proof of guilt
The Whiskey Rebellion: was a popular uprising that had its beginnings in 1791 and culminated
in an insurrection in 1794 in the area of Washington and Pennsylvania. It was conducted by
Appalachian settlers who resisted the excise tax on liquor and distilled drinks. This tax had been
proposed by United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, passed by Congress,
and signed into law by President Washington. This marked the first time under the new United
States Constitution that the federal government used military force to exert authority over the
nation's citizens.
The Whiskey Rebellion: Angered by an excise tax imposed on whiskey in 1791 by the federal
government, farmers in the western counties of Pennsylvania engaged in a series of attacks on
excise agents. The rebel farmers continued their attacks, rioting in river towns and roughing up
tax collectors until the so-called "insurrection" flared into the open in July of 1794 when a
federal marshal was attacked in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.
Whiskey Rebellion - 1791-1794. Taxes on whiskey caused economic hardships for backcountry
farmers, who began tarring and feathering tax collectors. Ended in 1794 after a large military
force headed up by Washington and others marched into Pennsylvania. Though they did not find
any rebels, a number of individuals were rounded up and set as examples.
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Party Systems - the first party system began in 1791 between the federalists and anti-federalists,
also called democratic republicans. The parties stood for differing ideals, and their contention
was intended to bring about what was best for the country as a whole.
3/7 Gary Nash: Could the Founding Fathers Have Abolished Slavery?
Gary Nash explores if slavery could have been abolished during the American Revolution. The
founding fathers each said that the abolishment of slavery was out of their reach, leaving others
to believe that the failure of the founding fathers was the reason for slavery not being abolished.
Washington, Jefferson, and Madison were all opposed to slavery; sadly none of them took action
towards the abolishment.
3/9 The Jefferson and Madison Administrations
Lecture Synopsis: James Madison was a mentee of Jefferson and took over the presidency after
him. He tired to keep U.S. neutrality while the British and French fought, but eventually was
forced to go to war with Britain. He also went to war with the Tripolitan states because they were
interfering during the War of 1812 and the U.S. crushed them.
War Hawks: senators who were really eager to go to war with Britain in 1812
Embargo Act of 1807

Congress closed off all ports and stop importation of goods from Britain

Jefferson’s response to the English and French conflicts, they interfered with US ships
Embargo of 1807: Jefferson says no American ships will leave our ports until British and
French stop impressing our sailors. It backfired and U.S. economy slowed.
The Embargo Act 1807:
Prohibited American ships from porting until British and Americans made peace.
 withholding trade
 did nothing to lower hostilities
 but damaged American Trade
Nonintercourse Act: On 1 March 1809, the Nonintercourse Act replaced the Embargo Act,
allowing transatlantic trade to resume. The act, which went into effect on 20 May, suspended
trade with only France and England until one of them would "revoke or modify her edicts, as that
they shall cease to violate the neutral commerce of the United States." The act prohibited their
ships from entering American ports and decreed it illegal for citizens of the United States to have
"any intercourse with, or to afford any aid or supplies" to any French or English ships. The act
also authorized naval officers and customs officials to seize merchandise from ships in violation
of the law.
Nonintercourse Act
 Replaced the embargo act because it did not function the way it was supposed to
 Opened up transatlantic trading
 Only cut off trade with England and France
 Gave authorization to US naval ships to seize ships’ merchandise upon breaking the act
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This act was not successful
Treaty Of Ghent: The Treaty of Ghent, ratified by the United States on 17 February 1815,
marked the official end of the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. The war was
precipitated by a number of issues that were raised during the American Revolution but left
unresolved at that conflict's end. Many of them, such as the precise boundary between British
Canada and the United States, the failure of the British to remove all its troops from U. S. soil,
and the status of Britain's former Native American allies, lingered and contributed to renewed
hostilities between the Americans and the British in 1812. However, on 26 June 1812, shortly
after the hostilities commenced, the American government made preliminary overtures for peace.
On 21 September, the Russian chancellor offered to serve as a mediator between the two warring
parties. The United States presented a peace proposal through the Russians, but the British
government in March 1813 quickly rejected it. However, within a few months of that failure, the
British, at that point deeply committed to fighting Napoleon's army on the European continent,
offered through their foreign secretary, Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, to enter into direct
negotiations with the United States. This offer was accepted on 15 January 1814, and
negotiations began in earnest between the two parties in Ghent, Belgium.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
 Drafted in response to the alien and sedition acts
 Calhoun accepted
 Kentucky resolution (Jefferson)
 when the federal government exercises a power not specified by the constitution,
individual states have the authority to contest that
 Virginia Resolution (Madison)
 Protect liberty of state citizens
The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions: Resolutions that proclaimed that state legislatures
retained both their right to judge the constitutionality of federal actions and an authority called
interposition, which enabled them to protect the liberties of their citizens. Kentucky also had a
resolution that states could nullify objectionable federal laws.
War of 1812:
battle of land and sea
 western and southern states: new legislation of congressmen protested British acts
 2 years British and US soldiers fought near Lake Erie
 the US won
War of 1812 - was fought between the U.S. on one side and on the other side Great Britain. The
war was fought from 1812 to 1815 on both land and sea. Britain was at war with France and to
impede American trade with France imposed a series of restrictions that the U.S. contested as
illegal under international law. The Americans declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812, for a
combination of reasons— outrage at the impressment (seizure) of thousands of American sailors
into the British navy, frustration at British restraints on neutral trade, and anger at British
military support for Native Americans defending their tribal lands from encroaching American
settlers.
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Britain was at war with France and to impede American trade with France imposed a series of
restrictions that the U.S. contested as illegal under international law. Reasons for war:
1) Outrage at seizure of thousands of American sailors into the British navy
2) Frustration at British restraints on neutral trade
Anger at British military support for Native Americans defending their tribal lands from
encroaching American settlers.
“Burning of Washington”- Name given to the razing of Washington, D.C., by British forces
during the War of 1812.
Tripolitania War 1801:
 lasted 4 years ended in a draw
The four Barbary States (Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis, and Morocco) conducted piracy within the
Mediterranean and around Gibraltar to such great effect that the major powers of Europe were forced to
pay a tribute in order to protect its commerce. Along with Europe, the young United States initially met
these financial demands. However, when the Pasha of Tripoli increased the American's protection rate,
war was finally declared war.
Algerian War 1815:
 Madison sent fleets to invade Algers
Because of these three wars nationalism was born.
 A French person wrote a poem about the battles, which became our anthem
 Painted house on white wash to cover ash
 Barbary wars: musical created
 Savages = native Americans
 Barbary pirates = barbarians
 Hated upon others beliefs even when they acted similar
Barbary Pirates: Though at least a portion of them are better described as privateers, the
Barbary pirates, or corsairs, were pirates that operated out of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, SalΘ and
ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the
Crusades as well as on ships on their way to Asia around Africa until the early 19th century.
Their stronghold was along the stretch of northern Africa known as the Barbary Coast (a
medieval term for the Maghreb after its Berber inhabitants), although their predation was said to
extend throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard, and into the
North Atlantic, purportedly as far north as Iceland. As well as preying on shipping, raids were
often made on European coastal towns. The pirates were responsible for capturing large numbers
of Christian slaves from Europe, who were sold in slave markets in places such as Morocco.
Louisiana Purchase: The Louisiana Purchase was purchased for $15 million by Thomas
Jefferson from the French. Jefferson originally wanted New Orleans in order to control trade
routes on the Mississippi. Napoleon, who was trying to finance a war and couldn’t control the
land, offered enough land to double the size of the country for only $5 million more.
The Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson purchased lands west of the Mississippi from Napoleon
Bonaparte. Purchase doubled the area of the United States
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Louisiana Purchase - was the acquisition by the United States of French claims to
approximately 530,000,000 acres of territory in 1803, at the cost of about 3¢ per acre; totaling
$15 million. The land purchased contained all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa,
Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota south of Mississippi River, much of North Dakota,
nearly all of South Dakota, northeastern New Mexico, northern Texas, the portions of Montana,
Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide, and Louisiana on both sides of the
Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans. The Louisiana Purchase served
strengthened the Federalists cause.
New Orleans: Located on the mouth of the Mississippi River, New Orleans became a large
trading port. It was originally colonized by the French who then lost it to Spain. Spain
eventually gave it back to the French, who then sold it to the US in 1803 as part of the Louisiana
Purchase. Jefferson wanted the city in order to gain control of western trade.
Andrew Jackson: Jackson was a general in the army during the War of 1812. He gained fame
when he defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans. Soon after the battle he invaded
Spanish Florida and claimed it for the US. Years later he ran for president and campaigned on
his military background.
American Exceptionalism: Historically referred to as the perception that the United States differs
qualitatively from other developed nations, because of its unique origins, national credo, historical
evolution, and distinctive political and religious institutions.
3/21 Internal Improvements and Market Revolutions
Lecture synopsis: On the eve of the Civil War there was a Market Revolution that would evolve
through three overlapping phases: artisinal, outwork system, and the early industrial phase. By
the early industrial phase every stage of production had been consolidated under one roof, and
labor was divided into tasks. This factory system of production would improve the efficiency of
production and reduce prices. The transformation of the economy happened as a result of new
banking practices, government promotion of business and industry, internal improvements, a
transportation revolution, and the advancement of scientific technology.
The 6 factors that contributed to the Market Revolution included: new banking practices,
government promotion of business and industry, internal improvements, the transportation
revolution, technological advancements, and the development of factories.
Market Revolution- a transformation in manufacturing and agriculture. Occurred in three
phases:
1. Artisanal Phase- through 1830. Goods imported from Britain and made by colonial
artisans.
2. Outwork Manufacturing- 1774- 1830. Divides labor between different places to
produce one product instead.
3. Early Industrial Phase- 1790- 1850. Work was all done under one roof- factories
where labor is still divided in the factory. This caused urbanization because working
in a factory overrides suburban agriculture. Also, urbanization boomed along canals
and railroads.
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Causes and Consequences:
1. New banking practices secured investments, give loans, and generate paper money.
2. Government promoted business and industry by giving grants.
3. Internal improvements:
- roads, bridges, and canals (Erie Canal) to connect industry over the country.
- 2nd National Bank
- tariff protects industry
4. Transportation Revolution:
- steamboat (Clermont)
- railroads
5. Advancement of Scientific Technology
- cast iron plow
6. Factory System
- Lowell Mill Girls- factory that employed only women and subjected them to
terrible conditions
The Market Revolution completely changed the social structures by moving people in from the
countryside to work in the cities. Also, the production of goods was transformed with the
institution of factories, which enabled every family member to work.
1st Bank of US: In 1791 the first bank of the United States was chartered by congress. This bank
extended credit and offered loans, and was only set up to operate for 20 years. The bank expired
in 1811, and at the point there was 100 million dollars in circulation.
Urbanization- due to factories, people moved to cities to be closer to the factories. The process
of people living in a more condensed area in cities is called urbanization.
Urbanization: In 1820 the total population was less then 500,000, whereas in 1840 the
population quadrupled to 2,000,000. This extreme rise in the population forced people to move
and new cities to be formed. Cities “came up over night,” they were built very fast.
Tariffs- tax on imported goods
Outwork System: In this system, individual homes are supplied with raw materials and the
people living in the houses would make the good. It was like an assembly line of houses.
Early Industrial Manufacturing : This is when work went from an assembly line of houses to
workers all under one roof.
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824): U.S. Supreme Court decision (1824) that established that states
could not, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate interstate
commerce. The state of New York had authorized a monopoly on steamboat operation in its
waters, an action upheld by a state chancery court, but the Supreme Court ruled that competing
steamboat operators were protected by the terms of a federal license to engage in trade along a
coast. The decision, an important development in the interpretation of the commerce clause of
the U.S. Constitution, freed all navigation from monopoly control.
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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): States may not issue monopoly rights to businesses engaged in
interstate commerce
Erie Canal: Historic waterway, northern U.S. It stretches from Buffalo, N.Y., on Lake Erie to
Albany, N.Y., on the Hudson River. Commissioned by Gov. DeWitt Clinton of New York, it
opened in 1825. It connected the Great Lakes with New York City and contributed greatly to the
settlement of the Midwest, allowing for the transport of people and supplies. Enlarged several
times, the canal is 340 mi (547 km) long, 150 ft (46 m) wide, and 12 ft (4 m) deep. Now used
mainly for pleasure boating, it is part of the New York State Canal System.
American System: a term invoked by Kentucky representative Henry Clay in his 30-31 March
1824 speech to Congress as part of his argument for a higher tariff. Clay, who went on to serve
in the Senate and was the Whig Party presidential candidate in 1832 and 1844, believed the tariff
would stimulate national manufacturing and agriculture by insulating the domestic market from
foreign products. He based this approach at least in part on the economic strategy of the British,
whose continued penetration into U.S. markets and protectionist policies against U.S. exports
perpetuated a major trade imbalance between the two countries throughout the 1820s. Despite
widespread resistance from anti-protectionists, who feared that high tariffs would prompt other
countries to tax American exports, Congress in May 1824 narrowly approved a substantial raise
in the rate.
American System: The American System of manufacturing established in the mid 1800s by the
improvement of the quality of machine tools, was the use of interchangeable parts in mechanical
devices. From guns to sewing machines mechanical devices could now be produced much
quicker and more efficiently.
Panic of 1819: The first and second bank of the United States promoted business and industry,
money was circulating, stock exchange was formed, investment was promoted but it was largely
unregulated and uninsured. The Panic of 1819 was a financial collapse that happened as a result
of these unsecured investments that had made the economy susceptible to booms and busts.
Internal Improvements: nationalist congressmen Clay ran on a three point platform, one of
those points being to make a large number of internal improvements funded by bonus revenues.
An investment in internal improvements would promote business and industry, but Madison
didn’t think the federal government had the authority; he vetoed the Bonus Bill and left the
responsibility to the states to fund improvements.
Article 1, Section 8: empowered the United States Congress to promote science and technology
by securing inventors and authors the exclusive rights or patents to their products. This gave
inventors and authors the ability to make money off of their inventions and written works for a
period of twenty years, after which the products became public enterprise
Article 1, Section 8 (patents): “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing
for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
Discoveries.”
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Cast-iron plow: This invention reduced labor for farmers and simultaneously drove blacksmiths
out of business, the cast-iron plow ended artisinal manufacturing and was the advent of
interchangeable parts.
Samuel Slater: An immigrant who brought English manufacturing secrets to America to make
his fortune. He was an early American industrialist known as the “Founder of the American
Industrial Revolution,” and was responsible for the first successful water-powered textile mill in
America.
Boston Manufacturing Company: Started in the early 1800’s this company saw New
England’s surplus of young women as cheap industrial labor for textile mills. In Massachusetts
it built the first complete textile factory in America, combining power spinning and weaving, on
looms invented by one of the proprietors. The conditions at the mills in Lowell and Waltham
pushed workers to the largest strikes in American history to that point.
Lowell Mill Girls: The women who worked in the Lowell mills. They were generally young,
single, and from New England farm towns. The women worked long days for less pay than men
and were required to live together in boarding houses, attend church, and maintain curfew and
proper behavior. In the mid 1800’s they protested working conditions and were responsible for
the Ten Hours Movement.
3/26 Down and Out, a.k.a The Social Consequences of the Market Revolution
Lecture Synopsis: The lecture’s main focus was on the social consequences of the Market
Revolution. The distribution of wealth, artisan ideology and protest, utopian communities and
radical reformers were all discussed as products of the Market Revolution.
Distribution of wealth Boston and New York. Boston: Huge % of poor people in population;
homes in ruins. Richest 4% of 70% of wealth, while 81% shared 4% of wealth. New York: 4%
belong to elite. Also extreme poverty and growing. # of paupers (desperately poor people) in
almost triples between the mid 1790s and 1817. By 1817 over 15,000 people required some form
of charity relief. Artisan ideology and protest: Traditions of apprentice, apprentices to journey
man to master. Artisan, trade societies and ideals of independence integrity and modest wellbeing. Paternalism, master is father figure, craft societies the object is be your won master have
integrity and independence. Changing work environment: division so labor: Outworkers. Free
labors vs. bond labor, free labor- wage labor, bond labor-slave labor. Labor protest, riot years of
1834 and 1835 objective is to only work 10 hours a day, political rallies of working man parities
organized by artisans. Utopian Communities founded in New Harmony in 1825 by Robert Owen.
Oneida Communities New York found 1848 founder John Humphrey Noyes. Equality of sexes
communal work.
distribution of wealth - is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a
society, and is one aspect of the economy and social structure. Boston and New York
successfully exemplify the distribution of wealth in the US at this time. In Boston the distribution
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is not equal: the wealthiest 4% hold 70% of the wealth and the poorest 80% holds 4% of the
wealth. In New York the situation is similar 4% belong to the elite and extreme poverty
continues growing.
Outwork System: A system in which manufactures employed manufacturing workers in their
homes. Mostly woman and children, their wages were 25%-50% of male workers.
outwork system - was a system in which people worked from their homes spinning yarn,
making cloth, cutting leather, punching holes, etc. labor was divided between households. In
1812, the outwork system exploded because of the Embargo Act. This system of labor also
incorporated women and children into the labor system.
division of labor - is the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and
roles, intended to increase efficiency of output. This new labor system caused erosion of skill in
the U.S. Outworkers wages were between 25-50% of journeymen’s wages. By 1790’s in Boston
master carpenters outnumber journeymen 5 to 1 and master tailors are outnumber journeymen 6
to 1. But by the 1810’s in New York, 2/3 of artisans are journeymen.
Division of Labor - Though more productive, this idea began to challenge the artisan methods.
Apprentices were no longer taught all the proper skills, their masters only taught what skills were
necessary to complete menial tasks. Consequences included an increase in the number of
apprentices being housed by masters, as well as a dramatic increase in the number of wandering
journeymen, unable to become masters or find work.
Charles Grandison Finney: Lawyer-turned-Presbyterian minister, great harvest came in
Rochester in 1830-1831. Known as father of modern revivalism for is innovations at the
Rochester revival. Introduced anxious seat a bench where people who were converting could
offer up a prayer and the protracted meeting and meeting which ran nightly for a week or more.
Finney’s controversial ideas came to dominate evangelical Protestantism.
Artisans:
Work in a craft:
1. step one: apprentence
2. step two: journey men
3. step three: master
 unity within a craft  master acts like father
 in early 1800s many masters start to use out workers
 1810s NY 2/3 of artisans were journeymen  journeymen begin to form their
own workshops
Artisan Ideology - Prior to the Market Revolution, what existed was a system of masters,
journeymen, and apprentices. Masters would teach apprentices, who then became journeymen to
travel and learn from other masters, finally becoming masters themselves. This system served to
foster independence, integrity, modesty, and well-being.
Paternalism --- master is a father figure to work with the apprentices.
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Erosion of Skill: Masters stopped teaching apprentices all the intricacies of the craft, only the
basic skills
Free labor: Paid, decide individually when they start and end labor.
Bound labor: Indentured servants, slaves  unpaid
Free labor vs. Bound Labor: Free labor was labor for wages, while bound labor was indentured
servitude or slavery
Utopian Communities: Utopia- something good/ perfect, Greek words U means no and topia
means place, no place. Communities would try to save the Artisan and communal way of
working. New Harmony, found 1825, founder of New Harmony Robert Owen, wanted to live
and work in a small town; people can both improve their minds and work with their hands.
Utopian Communities: Communities with a desire to be perfect
Utopian Communities - intended to be perfect communities. Comes from the greek words
meaning 'nowhere'. Ideas similar to those of the first settlers in the northern portions of the
country, seeking to set up what was in their minds the ideal community.
Ex 1: New Harmony 1825 (Robert Owen)
 shared work and outcome  very urban looking
Ex 2: Brook Farm, Mass. 1848 (George Ripley)
 transcendenism, harmony, union of mind and body
 reason can find perfect societies
Ex 3: Oneida Community, NY 1848 (John Hurriphrey Noyes)
 equality of sexes and communal labor
Ex 4: Oberlin College 1833 (John Shipherd)
 diverse religion from “mammon” and “simplicity and true wisdom”
 mammon- wealth as a master
 manual labor intended to help poorer people  rejects view that only wealthy can be smart
 admitted women and blacks
New Harmony- was built by the Harmony Society, headed by George Rapp (also known as
Johann Georg Rapp). This was the second of three towns built by the German religious group,
known as Rappites. When the society decided to move back to Pennsylvania, they sold the
30,000 acres (121 km²) of land and buildings to Robert Owen, the Welsh utopian thinker and
social reformer, and to William Maclure for $150,000, who then changed the name from
"Harmony" to "New Harmony." Owen recruited residents to his model community, but a number
of factors led to an early breakup of the communitarian experiment.
Oberlin College- Both the college and the town of Oberlin were founded in 1833 by a pair of
Presbyterian ministers, John Shipherd and Philo P. Stewart. The ministers named their project
after Jean-Frédéric Oberlin, an Alsatian minister whom they both admired. Oberlin attained
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prominence because of the influence of its second president, the evangelist Charles Finney, after
whom one of the College's chapels, also a prominent performance space, is named. Its first
president was Asa Mahan (1800-1889), who served as president from 1835-1850.The college
was built on 500 acres (2 km²) of land specifically donated by the previous owner, who lived in
Connecticut. Shipherd and Stewart's vision was for both a religious community and school. For a
more detailed history of the founding of the town and the college, see Oberlin, Ohio.One
historian called Oberlin "the town that started the Civil War." A century later, many Oberlinians
were deeply involved in the Civil Rights Movement and various peace and justice campaigns,
and a railroad track rising from the ground towards the sky has been erected as a monument to
the Underground Railroad.Oberlin was the first college in the United States to regularly admit
African-American students (1835), and is also the oldest continuously operating coeducational
institution.
Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism is a group of new ideas about culture, religion,
literature, and philosophy. The main transcendentalist was Ralph Waldo Emerson. Their core
beliefs were an ideal spiritual state that transcends the “physical” and is only realized though the
individual’s intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. It began as a
protest against the general state of culture and society at the time.
3/28 Infinite Perfectability
Lecture Synopsis: Second Great Awakening: Religious ideas moved away from fate message
and to personal freedom; “land of the free” Star Spangle Banner. People choose their own fate.
No longer a vengeful God, people began to choose their own religion, religious freedom.
Revolutionists: final path to salvation, perfection of Earth; evangelist. Belief in Moralisum,
Manifest Destiny. Creation of an American Religion The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints (LDS). Founder Joseph Smith, published the first Book of Mormon in 1830. Mormon
Trail, saints migrated to Utah Deseret. Abolition: American Colonization Society, free slaves
moved to Liberia, Africa. African Methodist Episcopal, slaves should be evangelized slave
holders supported this. Nat Turner’s Rebellion led slaves in to revolt when finally caught people
were surprised at Turner’s intelligence and very learned in the Bible. Turner believed him a type
of Christ to led the slaves out of bondage. Women’s Rights: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton set up women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls. Declaration of Sentiments.
During the Second Great Awakening, religion once again was on the rise, especially for
Methodists, Baptists, and Mormons. Equality was gaining momentum as well with the
abolitionist movement and the women’s rights movement.
Millennialism: belief that if enough people converted to revivalism Jesus would return.
Millenialism - Shortly put, this is the belief that perfection is attainable. It goes against previous
beliefs that all things are preordained, or that those who are going to hell/heaven have their spots
reserved already, so to speak. This idea puts faith and belief directly in the hands of the
individuals, allowing them to make personal choices regarding religion.
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Revivalist- enraptured by idea of converting. Wanted to help people convert to find God and
religion.
Abolition: The American Colonization Society proposed sending freed slaves to Liberia. In
1840 the American Anti-Slavery Party, a political party was formed. These are all steps towards
the abolition of slavery.
American Colonization Society: Sent free slaves to Liberia however the free American slaves
didn’t know the African langue the tribes that once lived in Africa very much Americanized
now.
Seneca Falls Convention: women’s rights convention in 1848
Seneca Falls: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a women’s rights convention
in Seneca Falls New York where they made the Declaration of Sentiments
Declaration of Sentiments: Started “All men and all women are created equal”. Past a series of
revolution one of which was the right for women to vote; which became the center point of
women’s rights activity after the Civil War.
Declaration of Sentiments - 1848, at the Seneca Falls Convention. The voice in this document
echoes that in the Declaration of Independence, proclaiming all men and women to be equal.
Was a controversial issue pertaining to women's rights, because while some respected the
abilities of the women to draft such a document, others still clung to old prejudices.
Church of Jesus Christ Latter-Day Saints: The Mormon religion began when Joseph Smith
and “angel moroni gave him the book of Mormon.” This moved people west to Utah and
expanded the country west. Livestock, cast iron, and wheat were grown in Utah. For farming
they used expert techniques for irrigation.
Joseph Smith: Founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Grew up in a time
of great controversial between religions, each one contradicted the other. Smith was confused as
to which one to join spent much time in thought about this and read the Bible multiple times and
when he came upon the scripture in James chapter one verse five which states “If any of you lack
wisdom let him ask of God…” which led Joseph to do just that. He was told to join none of them
and then latter he was visited by the angel Moroni who told him where to find the Gold Plates
which is the record of Gods dealings with the people of the Americas. The book was translated
by Joseph Smith but was originally written by ancient Holy Prophets.
Deseret - This state was proposed in 1849 by the Mormons under Joseph Smith. It lasted for
two years, and went unrecognzed by the United States. The vision of the plat for the city of Zion
was commercial, but only because that was how they intended to boost the community to a point
where they could attain millenium.
Plat of the City of Zion: plan for a perfect city (Mormonism)
Mormonism- Church of the Latter Bay Saints. Religion created by Joseph Smith during the
Great Awakening.
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4/2 The Age of Jackson: Jacksonian Democracy or Curing Corruption with
Spoils
Lecture synopsis: When James Monroe’s second term came to an end, there was no clear
successor. Clay gave Adams his support in return for position as secretary of state, this Corrupt
Bargain, cheated Jackson out of the presidency. When Jackson was elected four years later he set
about to remedy the corruption in the Executive Branch, and filled his office with his own loyal
supporters. Jackson enacted a tariff to protect New England manufacturers, which made the
South so furious they threatened to nullify. Jackson refused to acknowledge their right to do so,
and threatened to use force if necessary to collect the tariff. This battle consumed his first term.
And his second term was consumed by the National Bank, by 1837 there was severe panic from
Jackson’s fiscal policies, and his successor Van Buren emerged as part of a new political party,
the whigs.
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After President James Monroe’s second term John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry
Clay, William Crawford, and John C. Calhoun run for presidency.
The Corrupt Bargain- Adams and Clay team up to secure the presidency for Adams so
Jackson loses.
Jackson calls on Martin Van Buren to help him campaign. The people liked Jackson because
he was a common man.
Jackson calls himself just a “democrat.”
Adams unsuccessfully tries to sabotage Jackson, but Jackson united the North and the South
against Adams.
Jackson wins election in 1828.
Calhoun becomes vice president.
Jackson vetoes the bill to renew the Second National Bank. He dismantles the national bank
and deposits all funds into state banks.
He encourages state banks to print their own money, but it starts to lose its value.
Panic of 1837- everyone is bankrupt and Jackson finishes his term with the country in
economic distress.
Jackson’s destructive presidency created the Second Party System- Whigs against Jackson and
other Democrats.
Second Party System: The political system existing in the United States from 1828 to 1854. It
was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest starting in 1828. The two major
parties were the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, a coalition of
National Republican and other opponents of Jackson, led by Henry Clay.
Whigs: From 1832 to 1856 the party was founded by Henry Clay in opposition of the policies of
President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. The Whigs supported the supremacy of
Congress over the Executive Branch and favored a program of modernization and economic
development. The party ultimately collapsed under its own disagreement over the expansion of
slavery in western territories.
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Whigs: The Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian
democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from 1832 to 1856,
the party was formed to oppose the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic
Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the Executive Branch
and favored a program of modernization and economic development. The party was ultimately
destroyed by the question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery to the territories.
John C. Calhoun: A presidential candidate in the election of 1824, he and William Crawford
fought to represent the South. Impressed by Jackson’s support, Calhoun withdrew to run
unopposed for the vice presidency. Calhoun entered congress as a nationalist early in his career,
but by 1828 was a states’ rights sectionalist during his time as vice president.
Henry Clay: A presidential candidate in the election of 1824, he was from Kentucky and a
leader in promoting the American System. He was known as “The Great Compromiser” for his
ability to bring others to agreement and was the founder and leader of the Whig Party. During
his career he advocated programs for modernizing the economy, tariffs to protect industry, a
national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports, and railroads.
Corrupt Bargain: In the election of 1824, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, John C.
Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson were running for presidency, since there were no
great Virginia statesmen to succeed James Monroe. Jackson won the largest number of popular
votes but did not have the majority of the electoral votes. The election was to be decided by the
House of Representatives. Clay knew he couldn’t win but wanted to ensure himself a place in the
government. So, Clay gave Adams his support if he would in turn give him the position of the
Secretary of State. This Corrupt Bargain cheated Jackson out of the presidency and he would
spend the next four years trying to win it back.
Rotation in Office- Jackson fires most of the national bureaucrats and hires his own men who do
not understand politics.
Kitchen Cabinet: political turmoil arouse out of a sex scandal within Jackson’s cabinet when
Jackson’s long time friend John Henry Eaton fell in love with Peggy Eaton and married her
before she received proof of her husband’s death. Jackson took offence when women called her a
harlot, and he made it his mission to persuade the wives of Washington to accept Mrs. Eaton, he
grew embittered with these women and with his own cabinet. He started taking advice from a
group of close friends, a “kitchen cabinet” instead of from the actual cabinet.
Tariff of 1828: The Tariff of Abominations- protects and favors New England manufacturers
by raising the price of imported goods so people buy from local manufacturers. Southerners
hated the tariff so it was reduced, but South Carolina still refused to acknowledge it.
 Vice President Calhoun strongly opposes the tariff, splits him from Jackson.
Tariff of Abominations: Jackson enacted a tariff to protect New England region manufacturers;
it placed a tax on imports which would help manufacturers. Jackson thought that this would help
increase his support in New England, but the people of the South despised the tariff because it
gave manufacturers a reason to lobby by buying cotton from somewhere else. Crisis emerged
when South Carolina threatened to nullify.
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South Carolina Exposition and Protest: Written anonymously by Calhoun, the document was
a protest against the Tariff of 1828. Calhoun insisted that the only constitutional tariff was one
that raised money for the common national defense, not one that favored a particular section at
the expense of others. The document argued that the tariff was unconstitutional and that the
states had the right to nullify it within their borders.
Nullification Controversy: The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency
of Andrew Jackson about whether a state can refuse to recognize or enforce a federal law passed
by Congress. The controversy began with the Tariff of 1828, deemed a “Tariff of
Abominations,” increasing the cost of imported manufactured goods defaulting American
manufactured goods to the best choice for anyone in the United States. Opposition viewed this
as favoring Northern manufacturers, and feared that this would lead to infringe on laws regarding
slavery. South Carolina dealt with the tariff by adopting the Ordinance of Nullification, which
declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders. The conflict was
resolved with the Compromise Tariff.
Force Bill: To ease the nullification crisis, in 1833, President Jackson signed The Compromise
Tariff as a gradual reduction of tariff duties and The Force Bill authorizing the president to use
arms to collect in South Carolina.
Force Bill- allows President Jackson to call upon the army to collect the tariff.
The Force Bill- Jackson sent army to collect the Tariffs from South Carolina.
The Force Bill: This was a bill that accepted the Compromise Tariff. It also rescinded its
nullification of the tariffs of 1828 and 1832. In March 1833 President Jackson signed what
historians called “the olive branch and sword.” The Compromise Tariff was the olive branch,
and The Force Bill was the sword. It authorized the president to use arms to collect customs
duties in South Carolina.
Compromise Tariff- gradually reduced the tariff over ten years.
Roger B. Taney: Taney was treasurer after the Panic of 1816, he emphasized state banks, he
encouraged state banks to circulate paper money, bank notes tripled and there was great inflation,
wages dropped and prices soared. There was a severe panic from these fiscal policies when
Jackson left in 1837.
The Era of Good Feelings: After the War of 1812 the bitterness of partisan had largely
disappeared in the U.S. Benjamin Russell who was a publisher for a Boston Newspaper created
the phrase. The era gave a pause to bitter debates over the protective tariff and the Second
National Bank. The Era of Good Feelings was from 1815-1824; Monroe was president during
this time.
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Coined by Bostonian newspaper reporter
Explained that the nation was free of European influence and free of conflict
Economy stability
Rose from the success of the second national bank and the protective tariff
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The Election of 1824: During this presidential race Jackson clearly had the lead over Clay,
Crawford, and Calhoun. However Clay and Adams worked together against Jackson to take the
presidency away from him. This was very controversial because Jackson felt that he was cheated
out of the presidential race.
Suffrage- The Jacksonians believed that voting rights should be extended beyond landowners to
include all white men of legal age.
Martin Van Buren: He was a natural politician with superior political insight and charisma. He
was Jackson’s vice president in 1828, and then president as the nominee of the new Democratic
party.
Spoils System: A term deemed by its opponents, one of Jackson’s first actions as president was
to institute “rotation in office” and removed the officeholders of the rival party. Jackson
defended rotation in office on the basis of democracy, that as many people as possible should
have the chance to work for the government. Under Martin Van Buren and his successors,
federal jobs simply became rewards for loyalty to the victorious party.
The Spoils System: In 1828 after Jackson was elected he created the Spoils System. By creating
this system Jackson gave government jobs to his highly supportive voters. For example Jackson
appointed Roger B. Taney as Chief justice in the Supreme Court. This policy angered many
Americans.
Spoils : winning party gives government jobs to it's voters and supporters
Patronage- Was the policy of placing political supporters into appointed offices.
President Jackson: Not a great statesman, wasn't rich, alienated many politicians, made regional
tensions worse, forcefully removed Indians.
General Andrew Jackson: His victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans made him a
national hero, and southerners admired him as a Tennessee slaveholder, a renowned Indian
fighter, and an advocate of Indian removal.
Old Hickory
 President Jackson’s nickname
 As a veteran of the revolutionary and war of 1812, his ruggedness warranted his nickname
James Monroe: President during the "Era of Good Feelings"
4/4 Indian Removal/Westward Expansion
This lecture dealt with removing the Indians west of the United States in order to expand the
country. A large issue that was faced during this period was civilizing some of the tribes that
occupied portions of the land.
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This lecture focused on the mindset of the early Americans during this time period. The
professor discussed the atrocities of what happened to the Cherokee’s and the rest of the native
peoples in the United Sates.
Indian Removal Act of 1830: This was an act that is apart of U.S. government policy to remove
Indians from their native lands in order to access their fertile territory. This act was highly
favored by the white southerners who were after the land for economical reason. They would be
able to use the land to further their growing and agricultural needs. This act was greatly
supported by President Andrew Jackson. He called for this act in his 1829 state of union address.
Indian Removal Act- part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed
into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28 1830. President Andrew Jackson called for an
Indian Removal Act in his 1829 "State of the Union" message.
The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to
lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes". In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that
time, was involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee nation. President
Jackson, who supported Indian removal primarily for reasons of national securit hoped removal
would resolve the Georgia crisis. While Indian removal was, in theory, supposed to be voluntary,
in practice great pressure was put on American Indian leaders to sign removal treaties. Most
observers, whether they were in favor of the Indian removal policy or not, realized that the
passage of the act meant the inevitable removal of most Indians from the states. Some American
Indian leaders who had previously resisted removal now began to reconsider their positions,
especially after Jackson's landslide reelection in 1832.
Indian Removal (the policy)- The nineteenth century official policy of the government of the
United States that sought to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River
to lands west of the river. In the decades following the American Revolution, the rapidly
increasing population of the United States resulted in numerous treaties in which lands were
purchased from Native Americans. Eventually, the U.S. government began encouraging tribes to
sell their land by offering them land in the West, outside the boundaries of the then-existing U.S.
states, where the tribes could resettle. This process was accelerated with the passage of the
Indian Removal Act of 1830, which provided funds for President Andrew Jackson to conduct
land-exchange ("removal") treaties. An estimated 100,000 Native Americans eventually
relocated in the West as a result of this policy, most of them emigrating during the 1830s,
settling in what was known as the, "Indian territory" or the present state of Oklahoma
Trail of Tears: This is one of the United States most disgusting acts. In this act, the US
government forced the relocation of Cherokee Indians to the western United States. During this
removal, over 4,000 Cherokee Indians died along the way. This was done under the supervision
of President Van Buren.
Assimilation: This is the process of a minority group blending in with the majority group. When
this is happening, those minorities are being pressured into being like he rest of those around
them in order to gain favor with the majority group. In relation to American Indians, they were
told they would be accepted if they were to convert to Christianity and wear white man clothing
and to practice the European lifestyle.
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Federal Indian policy: This policy dealt with the Indians that bordered the United States. Part of
the plan was to remove and relocate the Indians and let them adjust to the civilized areas that
were being created by the Eastern settlers. The original plan was to have the Indians down size
their tribal land, however in most cases they were often selling their land by force from the
settlers.
War of 1812: The war was between the forces of Britain, Ireland, and some parts of Canada
against U.S. and France. The war was fought from 1812 to 1815 and involved both land and
naval engagements. Britain was at war with France and to impede American trade with France
imposed a series of restrictions that the U.S. contested as illegal under international law. The
Americans declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812, for a combination of reasons: outrage at the
seizure of thousands of American sailors into the British navy, frustration at British restraints on
neutral trade, and anger at British military support for Native Americans defending their tribal
lands from encroaching American settlers.
Black Hawk War: This battle was fought in the Midwestern United States during 1832. The war
was called Black Hawk War due to the leader of a band of Sauk and Fox Indians. The War was
fought against the United States from Illinois and the Michigan Territory for possession of the
lands in that area. The Indians were back with support from Britain, However on August 27th the
Black Hawks had surrenders giving up the desired territories to the U.S. On September 21st a
peace treaty was signed with the Sauk, Fox, and Blackhawk tribes.
4/9 The African Diaspora
Lecture synopsis: The focus of this lecture was on the African slave trade. It relates to the three
“e”s that we have discussed in lecture: extracted Africans, exploit their labor, and create different
economies
Diaspora- vast movement of people from their homeland. (11 million slaves taken from Africa)
“Black Ivory”- When Africans sold other Africans to Europeans to meet their own financial
needs.
Pawnship slaves- enslaved for period of time like indentured servants. Master controlled sexual
reproduction of slave.
Punitive slaves- slaves because they were being punished for crimes.
Sugar Revolution
 Occurred in sugar plantations in the Caribbean
 Very difficult work for the slaves
Maroon communities: run away slave communities
4/11 American Slaveries
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Lecture synopsis: This lecture focuses on the rise of the “peculiar institution” known as slavery
in the Southern societies. The lecture starts with the rise in cotton production and the creation of
the cotton gin by Eli Whitney and shifts to trace the rise in slavery and the slave resistance. The
lecture ends by describing the crop diversity of the upper and urban south as well as the
Appalachian mountains, as well as the differences between southern slaves, city slaves, and free
blacks.
From the very late 17 hundreds to the civil war, slavery grew like never before because of cotton
and its newly discovered profitableness. Slaves sometimes rebelled, sometimes ran, and very
rarely escaped to the north where they were considerably safer. Some were able to get an
informal education in the north but slave owners did all they could to keep this from taking
place.
The nineteenth century brought many changes to the American slavery system. The cotton gin,
created by Eli Whitney, made cotton an easily profitable crop and shifted the direction of
American agriculture. This shift toward the new cash crop drew a need for more land and slaves,
so America again pushed further west, leading to “Alabama fever”. The task system imposed on
many farms and plantations gave slaves an incentive to finish their work quickly so they would
have more time for themselves at the end of the day, which resulted in slaves taking time to find
themselves, join together in families and religion, and rebel.
Cotton gin: a machine which for the first time makes cotton profitable and inspires slavery in
cotton fields in the 1790’s
Cotton Gin- machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seedpods and
the sometimes sticky seeds. These seeds were either used again to grow more cotton or if badly
damaged were disposed of. It uses a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull
the cotton through the screen, while brushes continuously remove the loose cotton lint to prevent
jams. The term "gin" is an abbreviation for engine, and means "device," and is not related to the
alcoholic beverage gin. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 and served to
reinvigorate the slave economy in the United States, adding decades to its life.
Eli Whitney – He invented the cotton gin which made cotton an easily cultivated crop by
reducing the amount of labor needed to harvest it. This innovation made cotton highly profitable
and shifted America’s agricultural direction toward cotton.
Eli Whitney: American inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts. The cotton gin
revolutionized the way Southern cotton was produced and reinvigorated slavery, while the
interchangeable parts revolutionized the Northern industry, ultimately becoming a major factor
in the North’s victory in the Civil War.
Eli Whitney: He was the inventor of one of the most important inventions in American History.
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This was an apparatus that used a fine tooth comb to
separate the seeds from the raw cotton. This saved the cotton harvesters a lot of time from
deseeding cotton by hand. This was a simple crank operated machine that made harvesting
cotton a little easier for all.
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Alabama Fever – Alabama Fever was the result of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin; which created a
need for more land for the booming cotton plantations. This need for land pushed settlers even
further westward, and led to the settlement of Alabama.
Domestic Slave Trade – And the domestic slave trade was a result of both the above terms. Just
as there was a need for new lands for these cotton plantations, there was a large increase in the
need for slave labor, and since the international slave trade had been outlawed, a domestic slave
trade emerged, trading slaves from the east coast and other regions of the U.S. with the west.
Domestic Slave Trade: Following the prohibiting of the international slave trade in 1808, an
extensive domestic slave trade opened between states such as Virginia and Maryland, and the
new territories, like Mississippi and Alabama. Cotton crops were pushing west, into the new
southern territories, and plantation owners were desperate for slaves to work the crops so they
purchased more slaves from neighboring sates.
Task System – The task system was a new division of labor that slave owners utilized which
assigned specific daily duties to individual slaves, and once their duties were completed they had
the rest of the day to themselves. This new system worked great for the slave owners because it
encouraged the slaves to get their work done quickly, and it was good for the slaves as well
because they would actually have an opportunity for their own personal time.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion: a slave rebellion in 1831 which lasted for 2 days and killed 60 white
people
Nat Turner: An American slave who attempted a slave rebellion in Southampton Village,
Virginia in 1831. The rebels traveled from house to house, freeing slaves and killing all the
white people they found using knives, hatchets, axes and blunt objects. The rebels killed 55
white men, women and children before being captured.
Nat Turner: Nat Turner is one of the most remembered slaves in American history. He staged a
slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia that lasted only two days. Nat had with him
roughly fifty free and enslaved blacks. In the end, Nat and his band of rebels killed over 55 white
men, women, and children. Nat was executed in the most gruesome of ways. He was flayed,
beheaded, and quartered.
Gabriel Prosser: Attempted a slave rebellion in 1800 in Virginia but failed and was hanged
together with other slaves. Gabriel hoped to lead slaves into Richmond but rain ruined his plans.
Before plan could be carried out two bondmen notified their master. The state militia captured
Gabriel and hanged him along with his two brothers and 24 of their followers.
Frederick Douglass-An African American abolitionist who was active throughout the middle
and late 1800s. He was a very influential author and a leading figure in the abolitionist
movement. He firmly believed in the equality of all people no matter what race or gender.
Frederick Douglass: Frederick Douglass (February 17, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an
American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Called "The Sage of
Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia," Douglass was one of the most prominent figures of
African American history during the 1800s, and one of the most influential lecturers and authors
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in American history. Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of all people, whether black,
female, American Indian, or recent immigrant. He spent his entire life advocating the
brotherhood of all humankind. One of his favorite quotations was: "I would unite with anybody
to do right and with nobody to do wrong."
4/16 A Nation of Compromises
Lecture synopsis:
1. California Gold Rush began in 1848, when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill.
2. The prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques,
such as panning, and later developed more sophisticated methods of gold recovery that
were adopted around the world.
The 49th Parallel is use as a border is a result of the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 and the
Oregon Treaty of 1846.
Sectionalism tensions grew as a result of the disagreement over slave and free states. The
tensions would come to a head and result in the American Civil War.
54’40” or Fight: 54’40” or Fight was James K. Polk’s presidential campaign slogan. He was
referring to the boarder between Oregon and Canada. Both the British and the Americans
occupied this territory. Polk threatened war against the British if they did not give the US the
land.
James K. Polk: He was the 11th president. As a Democrat he committed to geographic
expansion his overrode Whig objections and was responsible for the largest expansion of the
nation's territory.
Missouri Compromise: This compromise was brokered by Henry Clay over the issue of
slavery. Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state and by doing this would upset the
balance of slave and free states. Soon after Maine also applied for statehood as a free state. The
compromise was that states south of Missouri could be slave and north would have to be free.
Missouri Compromise: was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and antislavery factions in the United States Congress,
Sectionalism: Sectionalism was the focus on the differences between the north and south leading
up to the Civil War. There were differences in slavery and economies. This growth of tension of
sectionalism eventually leads to the Civil War.
Sectionalism: loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, like the
North and the South states. Set 36 30 as dividing line between slave and free states.
Sectionalism: emergence of 3 regions in US
o Sectional tensions lead to Civil War
o South: economy based on cotton and tobacco
o North: economy based on industry
o Worsened with territorial expansion
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Manifest Destiny: explanation or justification for that expansion and westward movement.
Kansas-Nebraska Act- The act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and opened new
lands for settlement, and allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery.
Wilmot Proviso- The failed bill intended to finish the remaining disputes from the MexicanAmerican War and stated that slavery was not allowed in the territories claimed from the war.
This was a step towards the Civil War
Fugitive Slave Law- The fugitive slave laws were statutes passed by the United States Congress
in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another or
into a public territory
Fugitive Slave Law: This was a law passed by congress in September of 1850 as a compromise
between southern slave states and northern free soilers. This required the return of any runaway
slave found in the north. Any slave catcher could come to the north and pick out the first black
person they saw. This person would go before a commissioner and would stand “trial”. Because
they had no rights, the former slave was not allowed to testify on their own behalf. Also, the
commission was said to receive financial gain for ruling on behalf of the slave catcher.
Know-Nothing Party: The Know Nothing movement was a nativist American political
movement of the 1850s. It grew up as a popular reaction to fears that major cities were being
overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants whom they regarded as hostile to American values
and controlled by the Pope in Rome. It was a short-lived movement mainly active 1854–56; it
demanded reform measures but few were passed. There were few prominent leaders, and the
membership, mostly middle-class and Protestant, apparently was soon absorbed by the
Republican Party in the North.
4/18 The Mexican War
Lecture synopsis: Although Manifest Destiny wasn’t an idea that materialized until the late
1800’s, since it’s beginning, America had been on a quest to the west. The U.S. had their eyes
on places such as Florida, Texas, Cuba, etc., and for the most part, found ways to ‘accumulate’
those territories one way or another. The U.S. was eager to see Spain relinquish their claims to
the New World because that just meant one less threat, and similarly the U.S. was eager to push
Mexico farther out of the picture as well. The Mexican American War resulted in the U.S.’s
annexation of almost all of the present day states: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California,
Utah, and Colorado. The remaining southern portion of Arizona would be acquired in the
Gadsden Purchase.
During the annexation of Texas, Mexico had not recognized the secession of Texas in 1836 and
announced its intention to take back what it considered a rebel province. Supported by most
Democrats and opposed by most Whigs, with popular belief in the Manifest Destiny of the
United States ultimately translating into public support for the war. The most important
consequence of the war was the Mexican Cession, in which the Mexican territories of California
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and New Mexico were ceded to the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
Mestizo – A mestizo is the offspring of a racial mix between a Spaniard and an indigenous Latin
American.
Antonio López de Santa Anna – Santa Anna overthrew the Mexican government and seized
control as a dictator.
The Alamo – The Alamo was a mission located in present day San Antonio in Bejar County.
During the conflict between the rebelling Texans (American and Mexican alike) and Santa Anna,
the Texans converted the abandoned mission into a fort. About 200 men stood against Santa
Anna’s troops, and without reinforcements on the way, every last person defending the Alamo
gave their life.
Manifest Destiny- the belief that expansion was good and necessary. Justification and
explanation for westward movement.
Manifest Destiny- A phrase that expressed the belief that the United States was destined to
expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-peace treaty that ended war. Mexico ceded for $15 million and
US picked up previous debts that Mexico owed.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- The peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War. The
treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 1.36 million km to the United
States in exchange for USD$15 million.
President Polk- declared a defensive war against Mexico and wanted western land for U.S.
4/23: Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott, and the political crisis of the 1850s
Lecture synopsis: With increasing tension between the North and the south, whether form
political fighting to actual violence between slave owners and abolitionists in the west, many
people could tell that war was on the horizon. There were several attempts to please both sides
of the slavery argument, form the compromise of 1850, to the Kansas-Nebraska act. Despite all
this, events eventually led to war on April 12, 1861 with the bombardment of Fort Sumter, after
Union forces refused to turn the fort over to the Confederate States.
This lecture traces the political crisis that faced the United States in the 1850s, ultimately leading
to the succession of the Southern states and the creation of the Confederate States of America.
Beginning with the early tensions surrounding the “Tariff of Abominations” and escalating
through the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and culminating at the Dred-Scott
case and Lecompton controversy, the lecture shows how apprehensions escalated into the
succession of the Confederate states and ultimately leading to the Civil War.
Compromise of 1850: Compromise proposed by Henry Clay. It consisted of California being
admitted as a free state, Slavery was left open to the people in Utah and New Mexico, and in
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D.C. the slave trade was abolished. It also enacted the fugitive slave law which let bounty
hunters form the south have more leeway throughout the whole country.
Compromise of 1850- program that had several points
a. California would be admitted as a free state
b. The question of slavery would be left open in Utah and New Mexico territories
c. Slave trade would be abolished in Washington D.C.
d. A new, strict, fugitive slave law would be enacted
Third Party System: With the collapse of the second party system which consisted of
democrats and Whigs, the third party system was le by the democrats and the republicans.
Bleeding Summer: A sequence of violent events involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery “Border
Ruffians” that took place in the Kansas-Nebraska territory between 1854 and 1858. The violent
acts were carried out in order to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or
slave state.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: Act of 1854 that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and
opened new lands for settlement. The act allowed the settlers going west to decide whether or
not to have slavery in the name of “popular sovereignty.” The act and subsequent war in
Bleeding Kansas was a major factor in influencing the American Civil War.
Fort Sumter: Located in Charleston, South Carolina and named after General Thomas Sumter.
The Fort is the site where the first shots initiating the American Civil war took place on April 12,
1861 when Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort.
The Confederate States of America: The government formed by eleven southern states of the
United States of America between 1861-1865. Seven states declared independence before
Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president, four more after the beginning of the Civil War at
the Battle of Fort Sumter. The Confederate States of America fell with the surrender of the
Confederate armies under General Robert E. Lee in the spring of 1865.
Confederate States of America:With the election of 1860 being won by Abraham Lincoln,
many southerners believed that Lincoln would end slavery in the south. Weeks after the
election, South Carolina secede form the union. In February, 1861 representatives met to
establish the Confederate States of America. Lincoln denied the right of the states to leave the
union; this led to the Civil War.
Dred Scott- 1857, a slave taken into free, Wisconsin territory. When his slave owner died, he
asked for freedom. It was decided that slaves were not citizens, but instead property. Taney said
that Scott could not sue for his freedom because of this. Even if he was allowed to sue, Scott
would not be entitled to freedom because they are property and therefore slaves no matter where
they are located.
Free Soil Movement- A movement that focused on no slavery in new states, not the abolition of
slavery in current states
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4/25: The Civil War and Its Legacies
Lecture synopsis: There were three things that were focused on during the lecture, the enormity
of the war, the strategies of both the North and the South, and the changing meaning of the war.
The enormity of the war refers to the fact that the Civil War is the most destructive and bloodiest
war in the United States History. The North tried to surround the South, to cut off its export of
cotton, while the South merely had to fight a defensive war long enough for people's opinions of
the war to change in favor of the South. The war changed in the middle of the war from being
about preserving the union, to the ending of slavery in the United States.
The American Civil War wasn’t solely about slavery, and certainly wasn’t a black and white, cut
dry issue. The Civil War literally tore apart families and friends on the battle field and in the
homes. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation wasn’t a law passed by Congress, but had lasting
effects and became the drive for the Northern states.
First Modern War: This war was the first war to use such advances as the railroad, and long
range communications through telegraph. It also used Iron Clads, submarines, limited aerial
recconiance, and the machine gun. It was also the first war were all the arms in the war were
mass produced.
The Civil War, although a terrible war, was also the first modern war in the United States. It
offered strategic battle plans, mass produced weapons, and more media outlets than before. It
began as a war of many causes and turned into a war against slavery.
Ulysses S. Grant – One of the prominent generals for the North, though a poor match for any of
the well trained Southern generals. He would later become the President of the United States.
Robert E. Lee – A Virginian who served in the U.S. Army for 32 years, and originally opposed
the seceding from the Union, but turned down President Lincoln on the offer to command the
United States forces when his home state seceded, and took up Jefferson Davis’s offer to be the
senior military advisor for the Confederate States of America.
Anaconda Plan: Plan of the North to surround the south in the hopes that it would force an early
surrender b the South and end the war early.
Anaconda Plan- A war plan created by Winfield Scott. It showed that the north should block
the confederacy by securing the Atlantic, Gulf Coast, and Mississippi River
March to the Sea: (Sherman’s March to the Sea) also known as the Savannah Campaign.
Strategic plan of union army led by General Sherman that began on November 15, 1864 and
ended with the capture of Port Savannah on December 22, 1865. Sherman’s plan included
destroying the Confederacy’s strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare by
utilizing a method known as “total war” (or often referred to as scorched earth, burning crops,
killing livestock and consuming all supplies along the path).
Appomattox: Located in Virginia, serves as the sight where General Robert E. Lee of the
Confederate Army surrendered to the Ulysses S. Grant and the union, marking the end of the
American Civil War. Surrender occurred on April 9, 1865. Site now serves as the Appomattox
Court House National Historic Park.
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Fort Sumter: This is a union military fort located on a harbor in Charleston North Carolina.
Here, on April 12, 1861, the confederate army dealt the first blow in what became the American
civil war. The next day, the military personnel at fort Sumter surrendered and evacuated the
premises. Ironically, nobody dies during the one day battle.
Abraham Lincoln: He was the 16th president the United States. Most know for his views against
slavery in the United States. Lincoln spent most of his early political career as a lawyer and anti
war activist. Was in office during the civil war, and was killed shortly after by a man named
John Wilkes Booth while attending Ford’s Theatre.
Emancipation proclamation: Proclamation that said that all slaves in the Confederate States of
America were free. While it didn't end all slavery in the United States, it led the way for the
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
Thirteenth Amendment- stated that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude will exist in the
United States. It changed the civil war into a war on slavery
Thirteenth Amendment: Amendment that officially abolished slavery (and continues to
prohibit the use of), with exception to those convicted of a crime. Amendment also prohibits
involuntary servitude. In practice, the amendment only emancipated slaves in Delaware and
Kentucky, as most slaves were already freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.
Army of Northern Virginia- A confederate army that met the Union in the Battle of Bull Run
and later in the wilderness. Very strong army focused on securing Richmond.