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THE PHRASE
Phrase-
A group of related words used as a single part of speech that does not contain a ______ or its ___________.
1) Prepositional Phrase-
Includes a __________________, a noun or pronoun called the ____________________,
and any modifiers of that object.
Among the heroes of World War was my grandfather.
The book is about love and understanding.
Commonly Used Prepositions and Compound Prepositions
About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Among
Around
As
At
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
According to
Along with
Apart from
Aside from
As of
Because of
A. The Adjective Phrase:

Beside
Besides
Between
Beyond
But (except)
By
Down
Like
Near
Of
Off
On
Out
Outside
By means of
In addition to
In front of
Under
Underneath
Until
Unto
Up
Upon
With
In place of
In spite of
Instead of
Within
Without
----------------------
Next to
On account of
Out of
An adjective phrase tells ______________________ and _____________________.
The actors in the magazine were very famous. (which one)
An adjective phrase always ______________ the word it modifies, even if it is the ___________________.
Heather kept a photo album of her journey through Europe.

Over
Past
Since
Through
Throughout
To
Toward
A ___________________________ that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Nick had a bag of candy. (what kind)

During
Except
For
From
In
Inside
Into
He sent poems to American magazines.
More than one adjective phrase may modify the same word.
Heather’s journey on horseback from Boston to New York was long and difficult.
B. The Adverb Phrase:

An adverb phrase tells:
____________

A ___________________________ that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
___________
____________
____________
_____________________
More than one adverb phrase can modify the same ________________. Unlike adjective phrases, an
adverb phrase can ______________ the word it modifies.
During the Civil War, Louisa May Alcott worked in a hospital as a nurse for six months.
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2) Verbals and Verb Phrases:

Verbal: A form of a ______________ used as a ______________, ______________ or ______________.
The ____________________

The ____________________
The ____________________.
Verb Phrase: Consists of a ________________ and its __________________ and _________________.
The ______________________
A. The Participle:
The ______________________
The ______________________.
A verb form that is used as an _________________.
1) Present participles end in _____________.
Krista has taken singing lessons for years.
Screaming, the fans rushed the stage.
2) Most past participles end in ______ or ________. Others are irregularly formed.
The baked turkey tasted wonderful.
Confused and frightened, the kids ran.
chapter.
Define each given term in the
3) The perfect tense of a participle is formed with the helping verb having (having, having been).
Having worked all day, Christina was ready.
B. The Participle Phrase:
Having been washed, the car gleamed in the sun.
Consists of a __________________ and all the words related to the participle.
Speaking eloquently, Amanda dazzled the audience
Nodding his head, Kyle gave the answer
Encouraged by his family, Pat submitted his movie script
The teacher, often called Mr. L, loves books
Participles and participle phrases can be removed from a sentence and the sentence will still make sense.
C. The Gerund :
A verb form ending in ____________ that is used as a _____________.

Subject:
Swimming is great exercise.

P.N.:
Devon’s hobby is dancing.

Direct Object:
She loves dancing

O of P:
In cooking, use butter sparingly.

Indirect Object:
He gave hunting all his attention.
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D. The Gerund Phrase :
Consists of a ________________ and all of the words related to the gerund.
Exercising regularly is important to your health.
My brother likes working at the gym.
An excellent way to build your vocabulary is reading good literature.
If a gerund or a gerund phrase is removed from a sentence, the sentence will not make sense.
E. The Infinitive:
A ____________________ that can be used as a _______________, _________________ or
_________________. An infinitive usually begins with _________.
1) Noun:
2) Adjective:
3) Adverb:

To fly was an ambition of many humans for centuries. (subject of was)

Some fish must swim constantly, or they start to sink. (DO of start)

My dream is to act. (PN identifying dream)

His attempt to fly was a failure. (modifies attempt- what kind?)

The person to ask is your father. (modifies person- which one?

He went into the woods to hunt. (modifies the verb went- why?)

John was willing to help. (modifies the adjective willing-to what extent?)
Do not confuse an infinitive with a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases end with a noun/pronoun.
F. The Infinitive Phrase :
Consists of an __________________ and all of the words related to the infinitive.
1) Infinitives may have ___________________ and ___________________.

To finish early is our plan. (subject of the verb)

Lindsey wants to go to the beach. (DO of the verb wants)

Napoleon’s plan to conquer Europe failed. (modifies the noun plan)

Andrew was unable to play in the game. (modifies the adjective unable)
2) At times the (to) within the infinitive is omitted

Let us (to) sit down.

Make him (to) stop that horse.

Will you help me (to) finish?
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3) Appositives and Appositive Phrases:

Appositive: A ______________ or _______________ placed beside another noun or pronoun to
__________________or __________________ it.

An appositive usually _________________ the word it identifies or explains.
I read Richard Wright’s book Native Son.
Tom Clancy, my father, wrote many books.
Donovan McNabb, an NFL quarterback, has an excellent pass rating.

The Appositive Phrase :
Consists of an __________________ and its modifiers.
1. We visited Boston Harbor, the site of the Boston Tea Party.
2. I plan to have a party on January 1, 2005, the first day of the new year.
3. Colorado is home to Vail Mountain, the best place in the world to ski.
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Phrase Review Sheet- True or False
1. Adjective and adverb phrases are always prepositional phrases.
2. An adjective phrase always follows the word it modifies even if that word is the object of the
preposition
3. An adverb phrase can precede or follow the word it modifies.
4. Adjective phrase modify by telling what kind or which one. Adverb phrase modify by telling
how, when, where, why, or to what extent.
5. The three types of verbals are the participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
6. Participles are verb forms used as adjectives. Most of the time they end in -d, -ed or -ing.
7. Participle phrases modify nouns and are usually off-set by commas.
8. Participle phrases can be removed from a sentence and the sentence will still make sense.
9. Gerunds are verb forms ending in -ing that are used as nouns.
10. Within a sentence, a gerund can be a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate
nominative or object of the preposition.
11. Gerunds can be removed from a sentence and the sentence will still make sense.
12. An infinitive is a verb form used as a noun, adjective or adverb.
13. Infinitives usually begin with the word to.
14. Infinitive phrases can easily be confused with prepositional phrase.
Explain the answer to question 14 on the lines below.
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Phrases Exercises
Identifying Adjective Phrases
Identify the adjective phrases in each of the following sentences. After each phrase, give the word that the
phrase modifies.
1. Roman roads were one reason for Caesar’s military successes.
2. The roads of ancient Rome linked the far corners of the empire.
3. Large blocks of hard stone provided a sound foundation for most major routes.
4. Caesar’s interest in military roads showed his understanding of the importance of communication.
5. Close communication among the empire’s provinces strengthened the power of the Roman rulers.
Identifying Adverb Phrases
Identify each adverb phrase in the following sentences. Then give the word it modifies and the part of speech of
that word.
1. On Friday, Dad and I were alarmed by eerie sounds that came from the abandoned house next door.
2. We searched inside the house from the attic to the basement.
3. In the basement, we found two stray kittens.
4. They were crying for food.
5. The noises we’d heard had been made by them.
6. I found an empty box in the corner and gently placed the kittens in it.
7. They seemed happy with their temporary home.
8. Then we took the kittens back to our house.
9. We lined the box with an old towel and set it in the kitchen.
10. Now the eerie sounds come from our house at all hours of the night and day.
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Identifying Adjective and Adverb Phrases
Identify the adjective or adverb phrases in the following sentences. Then identify the word it modifies.
1. During school, I worked on my homework for tomorrow.
2. I ran to the store.
3. I ran to the store and purchased a bag of candy.
4. Jen traveled to Bermuda by boat.
5. I handled the situation with delicacy.
6. At my house, we worked on the essay.
7. In 1928, women in America voted.
8. She flew across the ocean.
9. The people in the airport were upset and angry.
10. The musicians at the show were talented.
11. The boy jumped in the pool.
12. Sarah kept a diary of her little secrets.
13. During Christmas, my family comes to my house.
14. Did you see the cat in the dumpster yesterday?
15. After the show, we went to dinner.
Identifying Adjective and Adverb Phrases
Identify the adjective or adverb phrases in the following sentences. Then identify the word it modifies.
1. The phone rang around midnight.
2. The little boy hid behind the curtain.
3. I worked throughout the winter.
4. While we are at the movies, you should sit beside me.
5. The cars on the road were driving fast towards the pedestrians.
6. I get hungry towards the end of the day, but my sister from Ohio feeds me.
7. In 1979, he worked as a repair technician for my uncle.
8. Theories about the universe have changed over the years.
9. About seventy years ago, Edwin Hubble discovered the existence of galaxies outside the Milky Way.
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10. In the morning, our whole family reads the newspaper.
11. Father time appears as a dark, mysterious outsider who stands apart from the other figures and gazes at their
efforts.
12. Inside the bowl of the Big Dipper, we know there are perhaps a million galaxies.
13. The Fountain of Time sculpture stands in Chicago’s Washington Park.
14. Another artist’s concept of time is displayed in New York’s Rockefeller Center.
15. The figure representing Past, Present, and Further are painted on the ceiling.
Completing Sentences by Inserting Prepositional Phrases
Provide a prepositional phrase for the blank in each sentence. After the sentence, identify each phrase as an
adjective phrase or an adverb phrase.
1. ____________________ the children played hopscotch.
2. I saw a spider ____________________.
3. We planned a drive ___________________.
4. Her team played ___________________.
5. The sky divers jumped fearlessly __________________.
6. Hundreds ____________________ stared.
7. ___________________ the cyclists unpacked their lunch.
8. There ____________________ winds a narrow road.
9. This movie will be playing ____________________.
10. ___________________ the dancers swayed with the music.
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Identifying Participles
Identify the present participle and past participles used as adjectives in the following sentences (some sentences
contain more than one participle). Give the noun or pronoun each participle modifies. Remember not to
confuse participles used as verbals with participles used as part of a verb phrase.
1. Killer whales, long known as wolves of the sea, are not nearly as vicious as many people have thought.
2. Seeking to test the supposedly ferocious nature of the killer whale, scientists studied the whales’ behavior.
3. After extensive study, scientists discovered that three is no proven case of an attack on a human by a killer whale.
4. In fact, scientists working with killer whales have confirmed that their charges are intelligent and can be quite
gentle.
5. Gathered together in Johnstone Strait, a narrow channel between Vancouver Island and British Columbia in
Canada, killer whales spend the summer and fall in large family groups.
6. Choosing this spot to observe the mammals, researchers were able to identify more than one hundred whales.
7. The team of scientists, noting the unique shape of each whale’s dorsal fin, named each whale in order to keep
more accurate records.
8. Impressed by the long life span of killer whales, scientists have estimated that males may live fifty years and
females may survive a century.
9. Cruising in groups called pods, killer whales are highly social animals.
10. During the summer and fall in Johnstone Strait, many pods gather, splashing and playing in “superpods.”
Revising Sentences by Adding Participles
Each of the following sentences has a participle in parenthesis after it. Revise each sentence by inserting the
participle next to the noun it best modifies.
Example:
1. We collected funds for the restoration of the building. (damaged)
Answer: We collected funds for the restoration of the damaged building.
1. The space shuttle was greeted with loud cheers. (returning)
2. The committee selected three television shows for their educational value. (nominating)
3. My sister was in the kitchen and did not hear the doorbell. (ringing)
4. The carpenter is supposed to show us how to fix this chair. (broken)
5. In 1949, Luis Muñoz Marin became Puerto Rico’s first governor. (elected)
6. The stream crosses the farmer’s land at three places. (winding)
7. We handed the envelope to the mail carrier. (crumpled)
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8. This book includes many interesting facts about dinosaurs. (illustrated)
9. The Douglas fir behind our house has become a haven for several small creatures.
10. The plane narrowly missed a radio antenna. (circling)
Identifying Participle Phrases
Identify each participle phrase in the following sentences. Then give the noun or pronoun modified by the
phrase.
1. Hoping to be the first to reach the South Pole, the British explorer Robert Scott took four men with him on his
final dash to the pole in November 1911.
2. Leading Scott by sixty miles, however, a Norwegian expedition, commanded by Roald Amundsen, was moving
swiftly.
3. Having learned about Amundsen, Scott realized a race to the pole was on.
4. Plagued by bad weather and bad luck, Scott fell farther behind Amundsen.
5. Reaching the pole on January 17, the British found that the Norwegians had already been there.
6. Weakened by scurvy, frostbite, and exhaustion, the five explorers set out on the eight-hundred-mile journey back
to their base ship.
7. One member of the party, overcome by exhaustion and injuries, died before half the journey had been completed.
8. On March 15, another member, leaving the camp at night, walked deliberately to his death in a violent blizzard.
9. Eight months later, a rescue mission, sent to find out what had happened, found the bodies of Scott and his
companions.
10. Today, the ill-fated Scott expedition, acclaimed for its heroism, is better known than the successful Amundsen
expedition.
Identifying Gerunds and Participles
Identify the gerunds or participles in the following sentences. For gerunds, identify how it is used: as a subject,
predicate nominative, direct object, or object of the preposition. For participles, identify what word it modifies.
1. Their giggling annoyed the other viewers.
2. Virginia looks forward to fishing.
3. After studying, how do you relax?
4. I am reading a fascination mystery novel.
5. Making friends in a new school can be difficult.
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6. The highlight of the season was watching our team win the regional tournament.
7. Spinning one full turn, she performed a pirouette.
8. Carlota makes money by walking dogs.
9. My grandmother and I enjoy digging for clams.
10. Sensing the danger nearby, he shouted for help.
Identifying Gerund Phrases
Identify the gerund phrases in the following.
1. An excellent way to build your vocabulary is reading good literature.
2. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein after having a nightmare about a scientist and his strange experiments.
3. Phyllis McGinley, a famous writer of light verse, began publishing her work while she was still in college.
4. Fighting for women’s suffrage was one of the first instances of activism by women in the United States.
5. Ethan avoided doing his homework because the Eagles were playing the Cowboys.
6. Andrew continues his crusade to prevent the university from limiting free speech.
7. Eating ice cream on a wind day can be a messy experience if you have long hair.
8. My dog’s most annoying habit is hogging the middle of the bed.
9. Running across a busy street can be very dangerous for a young child.
10. Ms. Nerelli loves seeing good movies.
11. The difficult part of our vacation will be getting to St. Lucia.
12. Stefanie was awarded a medal after winning the race.
13. Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy.
14. I’m not really interested in studying biochemistry for the rest of my life.
15. Hitting the baseball is harder than you think.
16. Eating too much trans-frat is gambling with your health.
17. Reaching into the unknown can have unpleasant consequences.
18. Her unique singing made her a good candidate for the choir.
19. Michael enjoyed exploring new places.
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20. Traveling across the US is an education in American culture.
Identifying Gerund Phrases
Underline the gerund phrases in the following sentences. On the line after each sentence, identify how each
phrase is being used. Write s. for subject, p.n. for predicate nominative, d.o. for direct object, or o.p. for object of
the preposition.
Example:
Traveling to exotic places would be fun.
s.
1. The people on the Samoan island of Upolu in the South Pacific showed their hospitality
to the magazine photographer by welcoming her warmly.
1.
2. The photographer’s job was taking pictures of the island’s scenery for a travel article.
2.
3. She liked talking to the people about their remote South Pacific island.
3.
4. Swimming in the warm waters of Upolu is possible all year.
4.
5. A popular entertainment on the island is torch dancing.
5.
6. Tourists enjoy diving from the reef.
6.
7. Almost one hundred years ago, writer Robert Louis Stevenson found paradise by sailing
to the island of Upolu.
7.
8. Finding an island paradise is the dream of many writers.
8.
9. After chartering a yacht, Robert Louis Stevenson set sail in search of his dream island.
9.
10. Flying to Apia, the capital of Western Samoa, is the fastest and simplest way to reach
this dream island today.
10.
11. Driving over Cross Island Road takes you from one coast to the other.
11.
12. Moving from Los Angeles to Polynesia must be a big change.
12.
13. Losing your job might cause you to make such a move.
13.
14. A way to honor the local leaders is by taking a Samoan name.
14.
15. I don’t know if I’d like moving to Samoa, but I’d vacation there if I could afford it.
15.
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Create Sentences with Gerund Phrases
Create ten sentences that use the gerund phrases below.
Sample: throwing the javelin
Throwing the javelin was the second field event on the schedule.
1. putting on my running shoes
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. pole-vaulting at the track meet
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. pushing off from the starting block
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. firing the starting gun
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. passing the baton
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. running a marathon
___________________________________________________________________________________________
7. crossing the finish line
___________________________________________________________________________________________
8. lying on the grass to rest.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9. landing in the sandpit
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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10. cheering for the athletes
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Identifying and Classifying Infinitives
Identify the infinitives in the following sentences and tell how each is used: as subject, predicate nominative,
direct object, adjective, or adverb.
1. Do you want to meet at the corner?
2. We are eager to go.
3. One way to relax is to listen to classical music.
4. I am ready to leave.
5. We are waiting to talk with the principal.
6. The soup is still too hot to eat.
7. To excel, one must practice.
8. This summer she hopes to travel in the West.
9. To hike through the woods is fun.
10. To forgive is sometimes difficult.
Identifying and Classifying Infinitive Phrases
Identify the infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how each is used: subject, predicate
nominative, direct object, adjective, or adverb.
1. Our assignment was to read I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.
2. We were asked to examine Maya Angelou’s descriptions of her childhood.
3. To grow up in Stamps, Arkansas, in the 1930s was to know great hardship.
4. Maya Angelou tried to show the everyday lives of African Americans during the Great Depression.
5. To accomplish this purpose meant including many descriptions; one such passage told about the process for
curing pork sausage.
6. Angelou has an extraordinary ability to capture vivid details in her writing.
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7. She helps us see her grandmother’s store through the eyes of a fascinated child.
8. Angelou was eager to experience life beyond her hometown.
9. Her talents and ambition enabled her to gain success as a writer, a dancer, and an actress.
10. To dramatize her African American heritage was a dream she realized by writing a television series.
Identifying and Classifying Infinitive Phrases
Identify the infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how each is used: subject, predicate
nominative, direct object, adjective, or adverb.
1. To confirm our reservations, should we dial the number to the hotel?
2. On the table are the papers to file before five.
3. To discover such a thing must be wonderful!
4. The alternator belt has started to whine during acceleration.
5. I just called to say hello.
6. Do you want to play the inning or watch from the bench?
7. Was this essay written to persuade readers, to entertain them, or to describe an event?
8. The buds on these trees look ready to sprout into leaves.
9. The children laughed to see the baby goats’ antics.
10. It was easy to find the problem’s solution.
11. My aunt always tells me, “It is better to begin the journey than put it off.”
12. The water has begun to boil vigorously, so it’s time to start the spaghetti.
Identifying and Classifying Infinitive Phrases
Identify the infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how each is used: subject, predicate
nominative, direct object, adjective, or adverb.
1. To drive well was one of her goals.
2. Does he like to write short stories or to read them?
3. Bianca still has a few letters to write before noon.
4. E-mail is easy to send to friends.
5. The dog sniffed to find its toy.
6. To win definitively is Lily’s only goal in today’s race.
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7. Has it started to snow furiously yet?
8. Carefully built to last and last, that old dock will be there for years to come.
9. Before beginning the experiment, there are a number of things to consider carefully.
10. That may have been this summer’s movie to see multiple times.
Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Identify the appositives and appositive phrases in each of the following sentences and identify which noun or
pronoun it modifies.
1. Soccer, my favorite sport, is very popular in South American and Europe.
2. The internationally famous soccer star Pelé is from Brazil.
3. Hausa, a Sudanese language, is widely used on western Africa.
4. Have you met my teacher Mr. Zolo?
5. My youngest sister, Susan, speaks fluent Spanish.
Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Identify the appositives and appositive phrases in each of the following sentences and identify which noun or
pronoun it modifies.
1. Brandon Martin, the future electrician, fixed my stereo.
2. Sheriff Brittany Pagano, the first young woman to hold that position, was cited for bravery.
3. Nicole Giorgio, the happiest person in class, barely passed the last test.
4. Rio de Janeiro, one of the most exciting places in the world, is filled with tourists every day.
5. Chris is going to Disney World, a wonderful place to be a kid again.
6. Mrs. Arters, the advisor for the school newspaper, taught us proper layout formation.
7. The inventor of the project, TJ Boyd, attends Garnet Valley High School.
8. TJ Boyd, the inventor of the project, attends Garnet Valley High School.
9. Our yard, a tangle of weeds and brambles, was transformed by my father.
10. That clock, a family heirloom, belonged to my great-grandfather.
11. Zoe, the four year old girl, always liked to dance and have fun.
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Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Identify the appositives and appositive phrases in each of the following sentences and identify which noun or
pronoun it modifies.
1. Our new neighbors, the Johnsons, invited us over for dinner.
2. The driver’s ed teacher, Mr. Wenner, does not like poor drivers.
3. Chicken lo mein, a Chinese meal, is delicious.
4. As a published author, Mrs. Knox conducts reading and writing classes.
5. Lincoln Logs, the building blocks for children, are fun and educational.
6. Dr. Rauscher, my dentist, has big hairy hands and bad breath.
7. Captain William Kid, a well-known pirate, buried treasure in New York.
8. Gary likes Knockwurst, a type of sausage, with lots of seasoning.
9. The coach presented the trophy, a tall silver cup with handles.
10. TJ’s shirt, a blue button-down with stripes, had a stain on it.
11. Please go see Dr. Girolami, the assistant principal.
12. Tom’s poem, the one about his girlfriend, is very good.
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Create five original sentences that contain an appositive or appositive phrase.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
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