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DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS Till page 88(till PLANTAE kingdom) By making a comparative study and assorting the similarities and differences amongst the various varieties of species, organisms can be classified into groups or sets. 1. Importance of Classification a. It makes the study of such a wide variety of organisms easy. b. It projects before us a good picture of all life forms at a glance. c. It helps us understand the interrelationship among different groups of organisms. d. It serves as a base for the development of other biological sciences such as biogeography etc. 2. Basis of classification Cell structure Mode and source of nutrition a. Whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Body organisation b. Whether the organism is unicellular or multicellular. c. The mode of nutrition of the organism. Whether it is autotrophic, heterotrophic d. Its way of evolution. i. A process of changes in body design that allow the organism possessing them to survive better. OR ii. A process of change in an organism which increases its survival chances. 3. Relation between classification and evolution a. All living things are identified and categorized on body design in form and function. b. Some changes impact body design more than other changes. c. As evolution occurs, classification may change with characteristics. 4. Hierarchy of Classification – Groups a. Formation of the Hierarchal Classification i. Biologists such as Ernest Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1959) and Carl Woese (1977) tried classification by broad categories ii. Robert Whittaker’s classication scheme is today accepted worldwide 1. According to him, this classification composed of 5 kingdoms a. Monera b. Protista c. Fungi d. Plantae e. Animilia iii. Carl Woese suggested the division of Monera into the following groups and is still in use. 1. Archaebacteria ( or Archea) 2. Eubacteria (or bacteria) b. The Hierarchal Classification i. Kingdom 1. Class a. Order i. Family 1. Genus A group of organisms of the same kind a. Species which can inter breed and perpetuate. c. The Five Kingdom Classification i. Monera 1. Characteristics a. They are unicellular and prokaryotic. b. Cell wall is mostly present. May be absent in some organisms c. Mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic. 2. Examples a. Bacteria b. Blue green algae or cyanobacteria c. Mycoplasma ii. Protista 1. Characteristics a. They are eukaryotic and unicellular. b. They have appendages( cilia or flagella) which aid in movement. c. They are mostly autotrophic while some are heterotrophic. 2. Examples a. Diatoms b. Protozoans c. Unicellular algae iii. Fungi 1. Characteristics a. They are unicellular primarily and can become multicellular at later stages in their life. b. They are eukaryotic. c. They are heterotrophic. d. Cell walls made of a tough sugar complex called chitin. 2. Examples a. Yeast b. Mushrooms 3. Symbiotic Associations a. Some species live in permanent mutually dependent relationships with blue-green algae or cyanobacteria i. Such an association is called symbiotic b. Symbiotic life forms are called lichens. i. They are slow – growing large, coloured, patches on the bark of trees. iv. Plantae 1. Characteristics a. They are multicellular and eukaryotic. b. They are autotrophs and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. c. All plants are included in this group. 2. Criteria of levels of classification a. The first level of classification depends on whether the plant body has well differentiated and distinct features. b. The second level of classification is based on the specialization of tissues for transportation of water and other substances. c. Further classification is based on the ability to bear seeds and the seeds being or not being enclosed within fruits. 3. Types a. Cryptogamae [meaning – those with hidden reproductive organs] i. Characteristics 1. Have naked embryos called spores. 2. Inconspicuous reproductive organs ii. Types 1. Thallophyta a. Characteristics i. Don’t have well differentiated body design ii. Commonly called algae iii. Predominantly aquatic b. Examples i. Spirogyra ii. Ulothrix iii. Cladophora iv. Chara 2. Bryophyta a. Characteristics i. Amphibians of the plant kingdom ii. Plant body is commonly differentiated iii. Forms stem and leaf like structures iv. No specialized tissue for conduction of water and other substances and their transportation to other plant parts b. Examples i. Moss – Funaria ii. Riccia iii. Marchantia iv. 3. Pteridophyta a. Characteristics i. Differentiated plant body ii. Has roots, stems and leaves iii. Has Specialized tissue for for conduction of water and other substances and their transportation to other plant parts b. Examples i. Marseila ii. Ferns iii. Horse – tails b. Phanerogams i. Characteristics 1. Well differentiated reproductive tissues a. Make seeds which are a result of the reproductive process b. Components i. Embryo ii. The stored food which serves for the initial growth during germination ii. Types 1. Gymnosperms [Greek: gymno(naked) + sperma(seed)] a. Characteristics i. Bear naked seeds ii. They are perennial, evergreen and woody. b. Examples i. Pines ii. Deodar iii. Pinus iv. Cyas 2. Angiosperms [Greek: angio(covered) + sperma(seed)] a. Seeds develop an organ which later becomes fruit b. Also called flowering plants c. Have structures called cotelydons i. Called seed leaves because they often become green upon germination ii. Present a bit of pre-designed plant in the seed d. Types: based on the number of cotelydons present i. Monocotyledonous/Monocots ii. Dicots e. Monocotyledonous/Monocots i. Have a single cotyledon ii. Paphlopedilum is an example. f. Dicots i. Have two cotyledons ii. Ipomea is an example. v. Animalia 1. Characteristics a. They are multicellular and eukaryotic. b. They don’t have cell walls. c. They are heterotrophic. 5. A Flow Chart for the Plant Kingdom Classification