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Review – Circulatory, Respiratory, Muscular, Skeletal, and Integumentary Systems
Circulatory System
Function: To transport materials such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, through out your body.
Structure: Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood
Facts about the heart:
1. The heart is made of cardiac muscles.
2. The heart carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood away from the
lungs to the body.
3. The heart has 2 sides (left and right) each side has an upper chamber (atrium) and a
lower chamber (ventricle)
4.The circulatory System is connected to all other systems in the body.
Types of Blood Vessels
Veins: carry blood towards the heart (the blood is oxygen poor except for the blood in the Pulmonary vein)
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (the blood is oxygen rich except for the blood in the Pulmonary Artery).
Capillaries: very tiny blood vessels. Valuable nutrients are exchanged between the capillaries and your cells.
Blood – is a tissue made up of cells and cell parts that are carried in a liquid (plasma).
Functions of blood:
1. Oxygen is carried to all parts of your body and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled.
2. Waste products from your cells are taken to your kidneys to be removed.
3. Nutrients are taken to the cells.
4. Fight infection.
Parts of Blood
Plasma - the liquid part of blood that makes up over half the volume of blood. Plasma carries nutrients, waste products,
oxygen and minerals to the body cells.
Red blood cells –do not have nuclei but contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a molecule that carries carbon dioxide and
oxygen. Function: Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells.
White blood cells – Help fight disease and have a nuclei, Function: fight infections by leaving the blood through the capillary
walls and going to the tissue that has be damaged.
Platelets- irregular shape cell fragments. Function: helps stop bleeding by plugging holes in small blood vessels.
Respiratory System
Function: To bring O2 to into the body and cells and remove CO2 from the body and cells.
Steps: 1. Oxygen is supplied to the body (Breathing)
2. Oxygen goes from the lung to the circulatory system (blood)
3 Blood takes oxygen to the cells
4. Oxygen is delivered to the cell
5. Carbon dioxide (waste product) put back into the blood
6. Blood takes waste products back to the lungs to be exhaled
Structures of the Respiratory System:
Nasal Cavity -Air enters the body through the nostrils (your nose) most of the time. It is lined with a
ciliated mucus membrane which filters, warms, and moistens the air.
Pharynx -Where the oral cavity (your mouth) and the nasal cavity (your nose) meet.
When you breathe through your mouth, air enters the pharynx.
Trachea -The main airway in the human respiratory system. It contains rings of a tough tissue
(cartilage) which keep the trachea open.
Larynx - Also known as the voice box. It is made of cartilage and is located at the upper end of the
trachea. When air passes over it, it vibrates
Epiglottis - A flap of tissue that covers the trachea when you swallow so food
doesn't enter
Bronchi - Two tubes that branch off the trachea. The bronchi are ringed with
cartilage. Each bronchus extends to the lungs where the tubes become smaller.
Alveoli-Oxygen leaves the alveoli, enters the red blood cells and is returned to the heart to be pumped to all your body
cells. Carbon dioxide is exhaled when you breathe out. The lungs are made of about 300 million of these tiny air
sacs. When you breathe in air fills the alveoli.
Breathing and Air Pressure
When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and expands the chest cavity. This lowers the pressure in the chest cavity below
the outside air pressure and causes air to flow in through the airways. The air goes from high pressure (outside of the
body) to low pressure (empty lungs) and inflates the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the chest cavity
gets smaller. The decrease in volume of the cavity increases the pressure in the chest cavity above the outside air pressure.
Air from the lungs (high pressure) then flows out of the airways to the outside air (low pressure). The cycle then repeats
with each breath.
Muscular System
Function: For movement of the body
Muscle Movement - Involuntary- Automatically move without you knowing. Voluntary- Brain sends message to muscle.
You control the movements.
Types of Muscles –
Smooth Muscles- include the muscles of internal organs and blood vessels. These muscles move involuntary. Cardiac MuscleFound only in the heart and also involuntary.
Skeletal Muscles- Are voluntary and help you move.
Skeletal System
Structures: bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
Functions:
1. Gives Shape and support to the body
2. Protect your internal organs
3. Major muscles attach to bones to help you move
4. Blood cells are formed in the bone. (The tissue called marrow)
5. Store calcium and phosphorous compounds
Cartilage: covers the end of the bones. It is flexible and acts like a shock absorber.
Tendon – connect muscle to bone
Ligament – connect bone to bone
Integumentary/ Skin System
Function
1. Protection -keeps microorganisms from getting into your body and protects you from environmental hazards like
chemicals and radiation
2. Maintain body temperature by sweating
3. Maintains moisture so organs don’t dry out
4. Sense organ…allows us to feel our surroundings
5. Vitamin D Absorption