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Review
( This is a review that covers most of the information you need to understand and apply for the six weeks test.)
Circulatory System
Function: To transport materials such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones,
and waste products throughout your body.
Structure:Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood
Facts about the heart:
1. The heart is made of cardiac muscles.
2. The heart carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen
rich blood away from the lungs to the body.
3. The heart has 2 sides (left and right) each side has an upper
chamber (atrium) and a lower chamber (ventricle)
4.The circulatory System is connected to all other systems in the
body.
Humans have a four-chambered heart. Each chamber is a little pump, and
blood is pumped through arteries, and veins. Red blood cells carry oxygen
from the lungs to all cells in the body. White blood cells provide
protection. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood
back to the heart.
Types of Blood Vessels
Veins: carry blood towards the heart (the blood is oxygen poor except for the blood in the Pulmonary vein)
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (the blood is oxygen rich except for the blood in the Pulmonary Artery).
Capillaries: very tiny blood vessels. Valuable nutrients are exchanged between the capillaries and your cells.
Blood – is a tissue made up of cells and cell parts that are carried in a liquid (plasma).
Functions of blood:
1. Oxygen is carried to all parts of your body and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled.
2. Waste products from your cells are taken to your kidneys to be removed.
3. Nutrients are taken to the cells.
4. Fight infection.
Parts of Blood
Plasma - the liquid part of blood that makes up over half the volume of blood. Plasma carries nutrients, waste products,
oxygen and minerals to the body cells.
Red blood cells –do not have a nuclei but contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a molecule that carries carbon dioxide and
oxygen. Function: Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells.
White blood cells – Help fight disease and have a nuclei, Function: fight infections by leaving the blood through the capillary
walls and going to the tissue that has be damaged.
Platelets- irregular shape cell fragments. Function: helps stop bleeding by plugging holes in small blood vessels.
Respiratory System
Function: To bring O2 to into the body and cells and remove CO2 from the body and cells.
Steps:
1. Oxygen is supplied to the body (Breathing)
2. Oxygen goes from the lung to the circulatory system (blood)
3 Blood takes oxygen to the cells
4. Oxygen is delivered to the cell
5. Carbon dioxide ( waste product) put back into the blood
6. Blood takes waste products back to the lungs to be exhaled
Structures of the Respiratory System:
Nasal Cavity -Air enters the body through the nostrils (your nose) most of the time. It is lined
with a ciliated mucus membrane which filters, warms, and moistens the air.
Pharynx -Where the oral cavity (your mouth) and the nasal cavity (your nose) meet.
When you breathe through your mouth, air enters the pharynx.
Trachea -The main airway in the human respiratory system. It contains rings of a tough tissue
(cartilage) which keep the trachea open.
Larynx - Also known as the voice box. It is made of cartilage and is located at the upper end of the trachea. When air
passes over it, it vibrates
Epiglottis - A flap of tissue that covers the trachea when you swallow so food doesn't enter
Bronchi - Two tubes that branch off the trachea. The bronchi are ringed with cartilage. Each
bronchus extends to the lungs where the tubes become smaller.
Alveoli-Oxygen leaves the alveoli, enters the red blood cells and is returned to the heart to be
pumped to all your body cells. Carbon dioxide is exhaled when you breathe out. The lungs
are made of about 300 million of these tiny air sacs. When you breathe in air fills the alveoli.
Breathing and Air Pressure
When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and expands the chest cavity. This lowers
the pressure in the chest cavity below the outside air pressure and causes air to flow in
through the airways. The air goes from high pressure (outside of the body) to low
pressure (empty lungs) and inflates the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the
chest cavity gets smaller. The decrease in volume of the cavity increases the pressure in the chest cavity above the
outside air pressure. Air from the lungs (high pressure) then flows out of the airways to the outside air (low pressure).
The cycle then repeats with each breath.
Muscular System
Function: For movement of the body
Muscle Movement - Involuntary- Automatically move without you knowing. Voluntary- Brain sends message to muscle. You
control the movements.
Types of Muscles - Smooth Muscles- include the muscles of internal organs and blood vessels. These muscles move
involuntary. Cardiac Muscle- Found only in the heart and also involuntary. Skeletal Muscles- Are voluntary and help you move.
Smooth Muscle: Found along the digestive organs and blood vessels, They are Involuntary
Cardiac Muscles: Only found in the heart and are involuntary.
Skeletal Muscles: Makes up 90% of your muscles and are voluntary- (These are the muscles that you can move.)
Muscles and Movement: Muscles can only contract and relax. For movement muscle fibers line up and pull the tendon
attached to the bone.
Systems Working Together
1. Our brain sends a message.
2. The message travels down your spinal cord
3. The motor neuron fires a message
4. The muscle contracts.
5. The muscle shortens pulling on the tendon
6. The bone connected to the tendon moves
Endocrine System
Main Function: The main purpose of the Endocrine
System is to maintain Homeostasis within the body
(that is, to keep the internal environment
constant/within balance)
Structure: The endocrine system is a complex collection of hormone-producing
glands that control basic body functions such as metabolism, mood, growth and
sexual development Regulates the bodies functions and hormones with chemical messages
Homeostasis: is the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and
relatively constant. Example of homeostasis is the regulation of body temperature.
1.
Nervous System
Function: The key function of the Nervous System is to receive and respond to stimuli. The nervous system is like an
information highway. It is responsible for controlling all the functions and movements in the body and allows you to respond
to changes in your environment.
Structure: Nerves, spinal cord, neurons, brain
Homeostasis: describes an environment that supports the survival of cells. All of your body’s systems work together
maintaining homeostasis in side of your body
Relay of information from stimulus to response :Stimulus  Sensory neuron  receptor  spinal column sensory neuron 
brain neuron receives the message  brain neuron processes message  brain neuron sends message  spinal column
motor neuron  motor neuron  muscle (response)
Levels of Organization
The Levels of Organization are as follows: Atom, Molecule Organelle, Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ
Systems. Remember in living systems as you go farther up the levels of organization the more cells that
are present. For example, there are more cells in the respiratory system then there are in the lungs.
Don’t forget to review your cell knowledge for this test.
Skeletal System
Structures: bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
Functions:
1. Gives Shape and support to the body
2. Protect your internal organs
3. Major muscles attach to bones to help you move
4. Blood cells are formed in the bone. (The tissue called marrow)
5. Store calcium and phosphorous compounds
Cartilage: covers the end of the bones. It is flexible and acts like a shock absorber.
Tendon – connect muscle to bone
Ligament – connect bone to bone