Download Biology Semester 1 Final 2007-2008

Biology Semester 1 Final Review Study Guide
CHAPTER 1
 What are the steps in the scientific process?
 Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period results in __________
being collected.
 You state that the presence of water could accelerate the growth of bread mold. This is a(an)
_______________ and can be tested.
 A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test only _______________ variable.
 What is a control in an experiment?
 A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations is a(an) _____________________.
 In the metric system, the basic unit of length is the _____________
 On the Celsius temperature scale, how many degrees are between the freezing and boiling points of
water? ________
 What are the basic units of measurement in the metric system?
 The basic unit of mass in SI is the ___________________.
CHAPTER 2
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If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is ________
How many electrons does an atom of carbon contain? ___________
What is the atomic mass of oxygen? __________
Define a covalent bond and an ionic bond.
What makes up a molecule of water?
Ice floats on water because of what property of water?
The most abundant compound in most living things is
Why are water molecules polar?
When salt is dissolved in water, water is the ______________ and the salt is the ____________________.
A substance with a pH of 6 is called a _____________________.
Name the macromolecules and list their building blocks.
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Which organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?
What is the function of proteins?
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A substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(an) _____________________.
Define enzyme.
Carbon compounds that come from living organisms are called __________________ compounds.
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When placed in the same container, oil and water do not mix. Why?
What affects enzymatic reaction rates?
Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by lowering the ______________________.
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CHAPTERS 3, 4, 5 and 6.3
 The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their
environment is called _______________.
 The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the
__________________.
 Name the trophic level and give an example of an organism found in each.
 What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems?
 The algae at the beginning of an ocean food chain are _____________________.
 Organisms that break down and feed on wastes and dead organisms are called
___________________________.
 What is an organism that feeds only on plants called?
 A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect. Based on its behavior, what ecological terms describe the
bird?
 A snake that eats a frog that has eaten an insect that fed on a plant is a ____________________
consumer.
 Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the
remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is lost as
_________________.
 Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by _______________________.
 Some birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives. When
the humans take honey from the hives, the birds are able to feast on the honey and bees, too. This type of
relationship can best be described as _____.
 Cougars are predators that often eat weakened or diseased animals. This is a description of
the ________ of cougars.
 Suppose 10,000 units of energy are available at the level of the grasses. What is the total number of
energy units lost by the time energy passes from grass to mouse to coyote?
 As matter and energy move from grasses to coyotes, the amount of available energy increase or decrease
or stay the same?.
 Energy flows from grass to coyote or coyote to grass?
 Describe the carbon cycle and the water cycle.
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Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in the diagram is known as __________________
When the settlers arrived in New England, many forests were turned into fields. Eventually, some fields
were abandoned and then grew back into forests. This is best described as
Why does Earth have three main climate zones?
Define mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.
Why can several species of warblers live in the same spruce tree?
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No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time because of what
principle?
Name an animal that would be found in the biome that has cold to moderate winters, warm summers,
fertile soils, and is home to a variety of vegetation, such as coniferous trees, broadleaf deciduous trees,
flowering shrubs, and ferns?
Because two species of barnacles attempt to use the same resources, they are in _______________ with
each other.
When the two barnacles live together, Chthamalus is restricted to shallow water. Shallow water is the
barnacle’s _________________ niche.
What factors play a role in growth rate?
What occurs in a population as it grows?
If immigration and emigration numbers remain equal, which is the most important contributing factor to a
slowed growth rate?
Define logistic and exponential growth rate.
Which factors contribute to an exponential growth rate in a given population?
Define carrying capacity.
What are density-dependent limiting factors.
Define biodiversity
Why would an animal be classified as an endangered species
What is one of the greatest threats to biological diversity?
CHAPTER 7
 What are the principles of the cell theory?
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A thin, flexible barrier around a cell is called the ______________________________
Which cell structure contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities?
How are Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes alike and different?
Which organelle breaks down food into particles the cell can use?
Which organelles help provide cells with energy?
Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells and not animal cells?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of _________ concentration to an area of
__________ concentration.
Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called ____________________-.
What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a salt
solution of 0.02%?
A plasma membrane is made up of a(n) _____.
When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area ________________________________________.
What role does the Golgi apparatus play in a cell?
How are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria?
CHAPTER 8
 Between which parts of an ATP molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule and a free
phosphate?
 Suppose Priestly repeated his experiment using many kinds of plants besides mint, and that when
different plants were placed under the jar, the candle remained lighted for different periods of time. What
would be a logical conclusion from these experiments?
 Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into what products?
 What is used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis?
 Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called ______________________________
 Which region of the visible spectrum is not absorbed well by chlorophyll?
 Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
 What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
 What are the products of the Calvin cycle?
 What will affect the rate of photosynthesis?
 What is the full balanced equation for photosynthesis?
CHAPTER 9
 What is released (produced) during cellular respiration?
 Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce _______ ATP molecules
 What is the correct balanced equation for cellular respiration?
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The starting molecule for glycolysis is __________________.
The Krebs cycle does not occur if _______________________ is not present.
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes?
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in ___________________ cells.
The products of photosynthesis are the ____________________ of cellular respiration.
When exposed to light, aquatic plants will carry out photosynthesis. After a time in the dark, the plants
will carry out only cellular respiration. Why?
CHAPTER 10
 What are the problems that growth causes for cells?
 The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
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What happens during interphase?
When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated?
Draw and name the parts of a chromosome.
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What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
What are the differences between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells?
During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter
cells, each containing _________ chromosomes
Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their what?
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CHAPTER 11
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What are the offspring that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits called?
How did Mendel conclude that traits are inherited
What does the principle of dominance state?
When Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, why were all the offspring
tall?
How could a pea plant that has a recessive allele for green peas show the yellow pea phenotype?
Why did short plants reappear in Mendel’s F2 generation?
What would happen if alleles did not segregate during gamete formation?
What do we use the principles of probability in genetics for?
Using a classic Mendel cross determine the probability that an F2 plant would be tall.
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be _____________.
Develop a Punnett square showing Mendel’s cross between true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding
short plants.
What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing
each other’s inheritance?
How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose
genotype was RrYY?
Cross a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is
homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy). State the phenotypes are their
offspring.
Define incomplete dominance. What is a roan color pattern?
Which of Mendel’s principles explain why the offspring of two heterozygotes can show the recessive
phenotype
 What process is shown above?
Define linked genes
How are gene maps formed?
How does distance influence the likelihood that genes will separate?
Give an example of genotypic and phenotypic ratios for simple dominance and incomplete dominance.
Why does sex-linked inheritance tend to affect males more than females?
Human blood types A, B, AB, and O are good examples of what type of inheritance?
If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is _______.
Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of _________ genetically ____________ cells.
The statement: "In meiosis, the way in which a chromosome pair separates does not affect the way other
pairs separate," is another way of expressing Mendel's law of _____.
What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
What happens in crossing over?