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Latin 1 Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 1 A. The 8 Parts of Speech (Introduction) Noun Ch. 1 Pronoun Adjective Ch. 1/ Ch. 6 Verb Ch. 1 Adverb Ch. 1/Ch. 13 Preposition Ch. 9 conjunction interjection article Ch. 1 1. a word that is a person, place, thing or idea [EXAMPLES: fireman, school, window, peace] 2. nouns have special endings in Latin divided into fixed patterns or “declensions” 1. a word that replaces a person or thing [EXAMPLES: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, etc. 1. a word that describes/modifies a noun in terms of quality or quantity [EXAMPLES: tall, funny, new, loud, scary, many, few, 2, 11th, several] 2. adjectives use virtually the same Latin endings as nouns (“declensions”), with few exceptions 1. an action word [run, swim, laugh] or a word denoting existence or state of being [be] 2. verbs have special endings in Latin, divided into fixed patterns or “conjugations” 1. a word that describes an adjective or verb. Usually they end in –ly in English [loudly, quickly, fast, slowly, then, often, seldom, also, together] 2. Often used to show how or in what manner an action is done 1. a word that usually indicates direction or location [in, into, out of, from, with, through, near, to, toward] 2. In English and Latin, we have prepositional phrases [in the pool, out of the garden] 1. connecting words [and, but, when, after, while, although, if] 1. words that are used in exclamations to indicate emotion [Yippee! Hurray! Alas! Woops! Uh-oh!] 1. words like “the” (definite article) or “a” / “an” (indefinite article) 2. Latin does NOT have articles 1 Latin 1 Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 2 Ch. 1 and Ch. 2 Noun Grammar Info What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the present tense? 1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin present into English: ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk 2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is incorrect to use “sunt” because helping verbs are not expressed in Latin 1. Nouns can be feminine (F), masculine (M), or neuter (N). When learning the vocabulary for a noun, also learn its gender. 2. Gender should be considered for nouns and adjectives Example: ambulant Ch. 1 Nouns have Gender Ch.1/ Ch. 6 1. The subject is the noun that performs the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (Ryan is the subject) 2. In the “a” pattern, the singular subject ends in –a; the plural subject ending is – ae. (puella puellae) 1. The verbs est and sunt are called “linking verbs” because they link the subject with a complement. 2. The verbs est and sunt are NOT action verbs Subject (“a” system) Ch. 2 Linking verbs: EXAMPLE: est/sunt Ch. 2 Complement 1. The noun or adjective linked to the subject with est/sunt (linking verb): a. Ryan is a Phillie. (Phillie is the noun (used only with linking verbs) complement) b. The Phillies are happy. (happy is the adjective complement)) Ch. 2 Number Number = either Singular or PLURAL o o Ch. 2 The verb ending –t The verb ending -nt o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs Singular = one (person) Plural = 2 or more o The ending –t on a verb is SINGULAR; if there is no other noun as subject, translate the –t as “he”, “she” or “it” Ch. 2 o o o Puella legit. = The girl is reading. Legit. = He/She/(It) is reading Ch. 2 o Puellae legunt. = The girls are reading. Legunt. = They are reading. o The ending –nt on a verb is PLURAL; if there is no other noun as subject, translate the –nt as “they” 2 Latin 1 Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 3 Other noun/adjective info: Declension Ch. 7 Case Subject Ch. 2 Direct object Ch. 4 Indirect Object o 1. a system or pattern of noun (and adjective) endings 2. there are 5 declensions in Latin 3. a noun belongs to one (and only one) declension CASE is a category of endings for regular uses for nouns/adjectives. for example, the nominative case ending is used for the subject of a sentence 1. The noun that performs the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (Ryan is the subject) 2. Nominative Case endings [Singular: -a, -us, -er, -or, -x / Plural:-ae, -ī, -ēs] 1. The noun that receives the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (window is the direct object) 2. Accusative Case endings [-am, -um, em / -ās, -ōs, -ēs] The indirect object is the noun, usually a person, that receives the direct object of a verb of giving, showing, telling or trusting o Object of Motion Towards WFBI = “with, from, by, in” In English, translate the I.O. with “to” and sometimes with “for” o Note the 2 possible English translations: Dominus pecuniam Davō donat. = (1) The master gives the money to Davus, or (2) The master gives Davus the money. o Davus is the indirect object because he is Ch. 11 the person receiving the money 1. The noun object in a prepositional phrase after an idea of motion towards [into the woods, through the window, to the door, etc] 2. this object uses same endings as direct Ch. 4 object (accusative) [-am, -um, -em / ās, -ōs, -ēs] The noun object of the following prepostions (“with, from, by, in” = WFBI) requires an ablative case ending. 3 Latin 1 Ecce Romani Grammar CARDS, page 4 1. Possession/Ownership 2. Any noun showing ownership or possession requires a genitive ending. The genitive case is used for the English “of”,“’s”, “s’”: car’s, cars’, of the car 1. When you call out to a noun, almost always a person, and address them by name: “Hey, Marcus, what are you doing?” Marcus, is being addressed by name. 2. The ending for direct address (vocative case) always equals the subject ending, except –us subject becomes an –e, and –ius subject becomes an –ī: Marcus Marce; Julius Juli Direct Address (Vocative Case) Ch. 4 and 8 4