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Mrs. Wetzel In order to best understand how some things work, one needs to break it down to the basics. Much of what occurs in biology is easier to understand once we break it down to it’s basic levels. Studying Biology at it’s most basic level is ______________ When have you broken something down, in order to make sense of it, or understand how it works? Your _______ and the cells of every other __________on earth are mostly water. Water gives cells structure and transports materials within an organism. Many substances ________ in the water in your body. When one ________ dissolves in another a _________ is formed. A solution is a ________ of substances that is the ______ throughout, it is a ______________mixture A _________is the substance that is present in the _________ amount and dissolves the other substance Some examples of solvents are:___________________________________________ _______________________________________________ __________________ As ________is a substance that dissolves in a solvent. Some examples of solutes are:___________________________________________ ____________________________ Pretend you are making Kool- Aid Identify the solvent, solute, and solution Why can’t we survive more than a week without water? How do insects walk on water? How does water rise up 300 feet from the roots of a redwood tree? Why does water take so long to boil? Why do oil and water not mix? Why? Source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-earth.html About _____ of the mass of a cell is made up of water, and _____of the ______processes of life occur in __________________ _________________. http://www.lenntech.com/images/Water%20molecule.jpg http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/water_molecules_con_c_la_784.jpg http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page3.html ______ molecules, with the _________ ______represented by the dotted lines Source: www.personal.psu.edu/.../ bonddiagram.gif. ________ / Surface Tension _________ High ______ capacity Solvent of polar and ionic compounds; creates a ________ effect on nonpolar substances ________ of ice less than liquid water •________ _______ “stick” together •Creates surface tension High Surface Tension • Certain insects can walk on water because of its _______ _______ _______. •_______ gives water its high surface tension. •Ex. Water strider _________: the tendency of two ________ substances to stick together. • _______ molecules are _______ to ________ molecules – a special case that results from the relative attraction of the molecules for each other and the solid surface it’s in contact with • ________ Adhesion: the tendency of two DIFFERENT substances to stick together, like water molecules stick to glass. Transpirati on Leaf stoma & homeostasis ________ Action: the tendency of a _______substance to move along the surface of a solid substance due to _______ (as in water climbing a glass tube or inside a tree), even in ______ of _______ or other forces acting in the opposite direction Hydro______- a chemical reaction where water is involved. • Hydro_____- “water loving” can be dissolved in water, polar substances. • Hydro_____- “water hating” cannot be dissolved in water, non-polar substances, Ex. fat, oil, soap Like Dissolves Like Resistance to Temperature Change _______ is able to _______ a large amount of heat energy before it _______ temperature. •A great deal of E is needed to break ___________________ •Temperature changes are ______________ http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01549/perspiration_1549996c.jpg Specific Heat • _______– amount of heat needed to change the________of 1g. of a substance 1degree Celsius. • High specific heat allows water to act as a heat sink. ______ will _____ its temperature after absorbing large amounts of heat, and retain its temperature after losing equally large amounts of heat. • Large ______ of _____ can affect the _______. - As a result, lakes and oceans __________ air and land _________________. • Water _____ polar and ionic substances due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds • Water _____ dissolve ______ substances. •________effect- results when water molecules interact with each other and exclude nonpolar substances • Causes molecules like DNA to fold into their specific shapes • Ice is ______ ______then water - it ______ • Ponds, lakes, streams, ocean surfaces freeze from the top down. • Aquatic organisms receive insulating protection Solid expansion For most substances, solids are more dense than liquids. But the special properties of water make it less dense as a solid - ice floats on water! When water freezes, the water molecules line up, and as they do, they move ______ ________ ! • ______ amounts of heat E are needed to disrupt ________ ________. • Heat helps water to begin evaporating. •Sweat evaporates using the heat from your body…cools your body down! Imagine how life on Earth would change if hydrogen bonding between water molecules no longer could form An _____ is a compound that _______ a Hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water. A solution that is ______ has a _____________ _________________of (H+) ions than a solution that is basic. _______________ are compounds that ______________ hydrogen (H+) ions from a solution. A solution that is ________ has a ______ _________of hydrogen (H+) ions The ______ scale is measures a solutions _________. In other words the pH scale measures the amount of __________ in a _________ How is pH related to Biology ? Ideal pH for human blood is between _____ – _______ pH of greater than 7.8, or lower than 6.8 can be ________ ___________in your blood help prevent any large changes in blood pH Substances added to water can lower or raise the pH. • A solution with a pH below 7 is _______. • A solution with a pH above 7 is ______. The pH scale ranges from ___ to _____ The pH of pure water is ___. Organisms can tolerate only small changes in pH because every cell has a particular pH at which it functions best. For example, changes in pH cause changes in the shapes of _______, resulting in a change in their activity. In other words the enzyme becomes ________ Most cells function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH. •At very low temperatures, __________are too slow. •High temperatures or extremes of pH can irreversibly change the structure of proteins and alter their function. Carbon is often called the building block of _____because carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things. Carbon has the ability to form ________ _______of molecules because it has ______ unpaired electrons in it’s outer energy level. In other words …it is easily bonds with other elements including itself allowing it to make very large molecules Compounds that contain CARBON are called ____________. ________________ are large organic molecules. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell Carbon can form ________ ________with as many as 4 other atoms (elements) Usually with H, O, N, or C Example: C6H12O6 (_________) There are _________ types of carbon based molecules that make up all living things. These molecules have different structures and functions, but are all formed around carbon chains and rings Carbohydrates include _________ and _________. They can be broken down to provide a usable source of _______ for cells They also play a major role in ________ ______ Examples include: glucose, fructose, glycogen, cellulose _______ organic molecules. Also called ____________. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Small ______ molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide A. _________saccharide: ______sugar unit Examples: glucose (___________blood sugar) glucose deoxyribose ribose galactose (milk sugar) fructose (honey) B. _____saccharide: _____ sugar unit Example:sucrose = glucose + fructose glucose fructose C. ______saccharide: _____ sugar units Examples: glucose starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) chitin (exoskeletons) glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose The primary functions of carbohydrate macromolecules are to: provide and store energy. Lipids are _____ _______ molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol Lipids play an important role in providing ________ coverings for biological _________ __________ is used by the body to control the body’s response to stress and is involved in sexual development of the reproductive system. General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Lipids are __________ in ________ solvents. Remember: “stores the _______ _______” Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides 5 functions of lipids: 1. _____ term ______storage (fat) 2. Protection against _____ loss (insulation) 3. Protection against ______ loss & germs (oils & waxes) 4. _________messengers (hormones & steroids) 5. Major component of __________ (phospholipids) _____glycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 _________ H _______________. O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O fatty acids H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH 2 2 2 H glycerol There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see on food labels: 1. ___________ fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. ___________ fatty acids: double bonds (good) saturated unsaturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH Proteins are made of _______ ________ Organisms use _____different amino acids to build proteins ____ amino acids are naturally made by your body The other ____must come from the food you eat Proteins are used by the body in a variety of ways Build _________ Replace and ______ cells Fight ________ Interactions with sulfur groups and hydrogen bonds are what determine the _______ of a protein Amino acids (the building blocks of protein) 2 kinds of amino acids - essential & _____ __________ amino acids - _____________amino acids cannot be synthesized by our body & need to be obtained through our diet 7 functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory:hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions 7. Defense: antibodies A protein’s structure depends on its specific job The sequence of amino acids and the shape of the chain are a consequence of attractions between the chain’s parts. Four levels of protein structure: A. B. C. D. Primary Structure (___°) Secondary Structure (___°) Tertiary Structure (___°) Quaternary Structure (___°) Amino acids ______ together by _______ bonds. Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 Peptide Bonds aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by ___________ bonds. Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheets Secondary structures bend and fold into a more complex 3-D arrangement. Called a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Composed of 2 or more “subunits”. Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) 3° subunits Subunits Two types of Nucleic Acids are ______, and _____ DNA is the basis of genes and ______. DNA is useless by itself because it can not leave the _______ RNA helps decode DNA and aids in the assembly of ________ Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) control cell activities by controlling ________ __________ Two types: 1. deoxyribonucleic acid (______-double helix) 2. ribonucleic acid (______-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of ____________ Nucleotides: phosphate group sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases adenine (___) thymine (___) - uracil (___) RNA cytosine (___) guanine (___) Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N C1 C4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) 5 O 3 3 P 5 O 5 O C G 1 P 3 2 4 4 P 5 P 2 3 1 O T P 3 A O 3 5 O 5 P What is the difference between an amino acid and a nucleic acid? Enzymes are proteins that help ______ ______chemical reactions in the body Enzymes are _______ in their nature ______enzyme has only _____ reaction it can help Enzymes are ______ absorbed when they perform their function. The same enzyme can be used _____ ____ _____again The __________ is what determines its activity _____ temperature or changes in _____ can affect the shape of an enzyme and make it __________ This is called ___________ The place where a substrate connects to an enzyme is called the _________ _____ Enzymes and ____________ fit together like a lock and key _________ reactions change substances into different substances by __________and forming ________ Chemical reactions need ___________ __________to get the reaction started. How could this picture describe activation energy? You want to roll the rock down the hill. Once you get it rolling, you’ll be fine. But you first need to overcome the small hump. The rock represents an the start of a reaction. The hump represents the activation energy – how much effort it takes to get you started. Also notice that once you get going, it’s easier to keep going than to stop. A catalyst _________ the activation energy needed to start a reaction. As a result it ________ up the rate of the reaction. _________ work in living organisms to _______the activation energy for reactions in living things. Amyl________ is an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch into simple sugars.