Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
1) Describe the content of the subinguinal hiatus (space between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic rim) Psoas major, iliacus, pectineus muscles, femoral nerve, artery and vein, lymphatics, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh 2) Describe the borders and content of the femoral triangle Borders: Base formed by inguinal ligament, medial border is medial margin of adductor longus, lateral margin formed by medial margin of the sartorius, roof formed by fascia latae Content: (lateral to medial) femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymphatic vessels 3) Describe the walls and content of the adductor canal (pg 546 Gray’s Textbook for picture) -Fascial canal that extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus, in the adductor magnus, to open into the popliteal fossa behind the knee. The femoral artery and vein pass inferiorly through the adductor canal and become the popliteal vessels behind the knee, where they meet and are distributed with branches of the sciatic nerve, which descends through the posterior thigh from the gluteal region. Borders: Anteriorly and Laterally – vastus medialis Posteriorly – adductor longus and adductor magnus Roof and Medially – sartorius and vastoadductor membrane Content: Femoral artery, vein, and nerve 4) Describe the adductor hiatus Opening at the bottom of the adductor canal, which by this point has emerged posteriorly through an aperture in the lower end of the adductor magnus, which opens into the popliteal fossa behind the knee. Is above the medial epicondyle of the femur. 5) Describe the borders and contents of the popliteal fossa Borders: Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, plantaris Content: Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, and the tibial and common fibular nerves (posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh and small saphenous vein in roof of fossa) 6) Describe the pathogenesis of the Baker’s cyst and the prepatellar bursitis Baker’s Cyst: Cyst of synovial fluid between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles. Is posterior to the medial femoral condyle. Prepatellar bursitis: Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa, which is just anterior of the patella 7) Describe the pathogenesis of the foot drop Foot drop is caused by damage to the common fibular nerve (specifically the deep fibular nerve) and affects the muscles in the anterior portion of the lower leg. While walking, people suffering the condition drag their toes along the ground (inability to dorsiflex); inability to plantar flex would lead to ‘foot slap’ 8) Describe the unhappy triad and the Pott fracture Unhappy triad: Anatomy involved: Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus Patient Presentation: Pain, unstable knee joint Mechanism of injury: Forceful trauma to the lateral aspect of the knee (frequently in football) Pott’s fracture: Caused by a combined abduction external rotation from an eversion force. This action pulls on the extremely strong medial (deltoid) ligament, often tearing off the medial malleolus. Example of this would be the foot everting in a football tackle (lateral force pushing the fibula towards the tibia) 9) Describe the cutaneous innervation of the lower limb 10) Describe the borders of the femoral canal and the symptoms of the femoral hernia Femoral canal is the medial compartment of the femoral sheath and is a weak area of the wall. Borders: Anteriorly by the inguinal ligament Posteriorly by the pectineal ligament Medially by the lacunar ligament Laterally by the femoral vein Femoral hernia: A hernia is caused by the protrusion of a visceral organ through a weakness in the containing wall. Symptoms include a painful bulge next to the pubic area (at the femoral canal) 11) Describe the pes anserinus Is the common tendonous insertion of … 12) Describe the course of the saphenous nerve and the descending genicular artery Saphenous nerve - branches from femoral nerve and innervates skin on medial side. Travels with the femoral artery through the adductor canal, penetrates directly through the connective tissue to appear between the sartorius and gracilis on the medial side of the knee. It penetrates deep fascia and continues to the foot. Descending genicular artery – contributes to the anastomosis of… 13) Describe the venous circulation of the lower limb Is superficial to the fascia latae. 14) Describe the anatomy of the lesser and greater sciatic foramina Greater- border: greater sciatic notch, upper borders of sacrospinus and sacrotuberous ligaments, and lateral borders of the sacrum. Contents: superior gluteal artery/vein/nerve, sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal artery/vein/nerve, internal pudendal artery and vein, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, nerve to obturator internus, quadrates femoris' and gemellus superior and inferior. Lesser-Obturator internus tendon, pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels 15) Describe the ligaments supporting the plantar arch Ligaments that support the arches include the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament), plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar ligament), long plantar ligaments, and plantar aponeurosis 16) Describe the arterial supply of the femoral head and the possible fracture sites Medial femoral circumflex artery and lateral femoral circumflex artery form an arterial ring around the neck of the femur (if medial femoral circumflex artery blood flow ceases, the head and neck of the femur bone will die). Smaller inputs from superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the artery of the ligamentum teres. Fractures occur mostly in the neck of the femur. These are intracapsular and disrupt the cervical vessels of the subsynovial intra-articular ring the head will usually necrose so a full hip replacement is needed. Intertrochanter fractures do not disrupt blood supply