Download Study Guide for the Unit I Test- Evolution

Study Guide (Part 1) for the Evolution Unit Test
1. Who is Charles Darwin and what
did he do?
2. Evolution involves
change…describe what things
change and how things change.
3. What is a common ancestor?
4. What evidence do fossils provide
for evolution?
5. Define homologous structures and
analogous structures. Give
examples!
6. What do homologous structures
show about two organisms?
7. What is a vestigial organ? Give
two examples of vestigial organs.
8. How do we compare two
organisms’ DNA, and what does it
mean if their DNA is similar?
9. What is a cladogram, and how can
we use it to determine common
ancestry?
1st to publish theory on evolution and natural selection based on
observations he made while traveling around the world
Change in gene frequencies within a population over a period of
time
Ancient organism that other modern organisms have in common
Compare structures of ancient organisms to structures of modern
organisms
Homologous Structures: anatomy/structure of organisms are
similar but used for different functions (Ex: human and cat arms)
Analogous Structures: anatomy/structure of organisms are
different but used for similar functions (Ex: bird and butterfly
wings)
Evidence they evolved from a common ancestor
Structure still present in an organism but no longer serves an
essential function (Ex: appendix, wisdom teeth, etc.)
Compare amino acid sequences and the more similar the AA
sequences, the more related they are
Diagram that organizes organisms to show how similar (more
related) or different (less related) organisms are. It can be used to
show how closely related organisms originated from the same
ancestor
10. How do human embryos compare Human embryos are VERY similar to embryos of other animals and
to embryos of other animals?
provides evidence of a common ancestor
11. What is the difference between an Adaptation: a population of organisms become better adjusted to
adaptation, a variation, and a
changes in their environment through natural selection and
mutation?
evolution
Variation: differences in genetic sequences of a population
Mutation: change in genetic sequence
12. Why is it beneficial for variation
If a population has variations in its gene pool, the population has a
(differences) to exist in a
better chance to survive when the environment changes. If a
population?
population has little or no variation, it has a lower chance of
Hint- Think about the moths and what
surviving the changes.
happened when the forest blackened.
13. Give three examples of
Examples will vary…
adaptations some organisms have
evolved to have.
14. What is natural selection?
Organisms/populations that adapt better to changes have the
best chance of survival AND reproduction
15. What MUST be present in order
SKIP
for natural selection to occur?
16. How do scientists use gel
DNA Fingerprints that are more similar will be more closely
electrophoresis in order to
determine how closely two
organisms are related?
17. What is the difference between
ACQUIRED traits and INHERITED
traits?
18. List the six kingdoms of life.
19. List one example of an organism
from each kingdom of life.
20. Can two animals from DIFFERENT
species mate and produce a fertile
offspring? Why or why not? (Ex:
MULES)
21. What is the most effective way to
prove that two organisms are
related?
related
ACQUIRED Traits: characteristics obtained during the life of the
organism (Ex: skin cancer, scars, etc.)
INHERITED Traits: characteristics parents pass on to their offspring
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
Answers will vary…
No. A species is type of organism that can mate with another
organism to produce FERTILE offspring. Mules are a cross between
a horse and donkey. Since mules are NOT FERTILE, donkeys and
horses cannot be the same species.
DNA analysis
Explain the cladogram below:
The closer the organisms are on the chart, the more related they are.
Traits at the bottom are used to narrow down how closely related the
organisms are.
Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The diagram below shows this
development of amphibians over time. Explain the process that explains how an early amphibians developed over time:
The more amphibians moved on the land, the more useful the
lobed fins became to them. Organisms that moved best on land
would have spent more time together and therefore mated
together more often. They would have passed on to their
offspring the trait for the lobed fins that helped them move best. Over time, the same population that spent
more time on land would have become more and more different from the population spended more time in
the water due to the different populations mating within their own group.
Use the following data in order to explain which species is most likely related to the
common ancestor:
The unknown species is Species IV based on the DNA sequence but it is most
closely related to Species II because there is only 1 difference in bases.
Use the table below in order to explain
what animals are most closely
related:
Birds and Theropod
Dinosaurs are most related
based on the chart due to
have the most
characteristics in common.