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Module 6 Exam Review 1. Compared to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells will typically have a _______ _______. cell wall 2. True or false, prokaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane? false 3. What prokaryotic cell structure regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell? cell membrane 4. What is the role of the capsule found on some prokaryotic cells? protection and phagocyte resistance 5. What tiny, tube-like projections from the cell surface and are associated with adherence? pili 6. What are plasmids? extrachromosomal DNA 7. Identify the following on a graphic: chromosome, ribosomes, inclusion, plasmid, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagellum 8. What is the term for rod-shaped bacteria? bacilli 9. What is the term for a flexible, corkscrew shape? spirochete 10. What is the term that describes spherical bacteria? cocci 11. What term is used to describe chains of spherical bacteria? streptococci 12. Grape-like or irregular clusters of spherical bacteria are called_________________. staphylococci 13. Spherical bacteria arranged in groups of two would be known as ____________. diplococci 14. A thin peptidoglycan layer would be indicative of a Gram ________ bacterium. negative 15. The reason there is a difference in the Gram stain is due to the ___________ of the cell wall. thickness 16. A Gram stain of a thick cell wall would show ____________ staining. purple 17. Selective culture media __________. encourages the growth of some organisms, discourages others 18. Differential growth media identifies bacteria based on the fermentation of _____. carbohydrates 19. Which type of culture media enhances the growth of fastidious bacteria? enriched 20. What type of organism would be destroyed in conditions of high atmospheric oxygen? anaerobic 21. Aerobes would thrive in an environment that is rich in ___________. oxygen 22. The four phases of bacterial growth are ____, _____, _____, and _____? lag, log, stationary, death 23. Binary fission is used to describe the process of bacterial _____________. replication 24. With a generation time of 15 minutes how many organisms would there be after three hours? 4096 25. Exponential growth is evident in which phase of the bacterial growth curve? log 26. When bacterial growth has stabilized it is in the ______________ phase. stationary 27. On a graphic identify the phases of bacterial growth: lag, log, stationary, and death. 28. Symbiosis is condition where two organisms are _____________________. cohabitate/live together 29. What is commensalism? one organism benefits, one is neutral 30. What is mutualism? both organisms benefit 31. What is parasitism? one organism benefits, one is harmed 32. Organisms that commonly live in or on the body and are usually not pathogenic are part of the body’s ___ ___. normal flora 33. Pathogenicity is the organism’s ability to ________________. cause disease 34. Virulence would be described as _________________________. the severity of disease 35. Hyaluronidase is an enzyme, which contributes to the ___________of a bacterium. pathogenicity 36. Coagulase is an enzyme that accelerates __________ to cover the bacterium with fibrin. clotting 37. Streptokinase and staphylokinase break down and prevent _________. clots 38. Gram-positive organisms primarily secrete ________________. exotoxins 39. Upon their deaths, Gram-negative bacteria release __________________. endotoxins 40. Certain bacterial species can survive for very long periods of time as _____. endospores 41. Newly synthesized nucleic acids are packaged into complete virions during the ______ stage. maturation 42. The return of a spore to an active, metabolizing state is called ________. germination 43. A virus which can transfer genetic material to bacteria is called a ________. transduction 44. Drug resistance is transferred via a F pilus (sex pilus) in the process of ___________. conjugation 45. Drug resistance resulting from the uptake of DNA fragments from neighboring, dead bacteria is called ____. transformation 46. A viral infection is closely tied to which bacterial-resistance process? transduction 47. A bacteriostatic antimicrobial ______________ organism growth. inhibits 48. A bacteriocidal antimicrobial will _________ an organism. kill 49. A broad spectrum antimicrobial is effective against both ____ ____ and ____ ____ microorganisms. Grampositive and Gram-negative 50. A narrow spectrum antimicrobial is effective against a _________number of microorganisms. limited 51. A large, clear zone surrounding an antibiotic disc on an agar disk indicates the organism is _____ to the antibiotic. sensitive 52. Resistant bacteria would be indicated by a _____ zone of inhibition on the antibiotic sensitivity disk. small 53. Streptococcus pyogenes is a common cause of ________________. pharyngitis 54. Mycoplasms lack a __________. cell wall 55. An insect that transmits an organism is called a _____. vector 56. Bacteria that have different shapes and sizes are classified as ______________. pleomorphic 57. Chlamydia and Rickettsia are obligate, _______________ microorganisms. intracellular 58. The nucleic acid core of a virus is either ________ or _______ but never both. DNA or RNA 59. A _____ is a protective coat that encloses the viral nucleic acid. capsid 60. Adsorption, penetration, synthesis, maturation, and release are the steps to _________ _________. viral replication 61. A virus that can reappear and produce disease symptoms is called a ________ virus. latent 62. A prion-related disease called bovine spongiform encephalopathy is more commonly known as _____. mad cow disease 63. Brain tissue can be affected by infectious misfolded proteins called ________. prions 64. Ringworm is a ________________ infection. fungal 65. What protozoan can be found in the local streams? Giardia 66. The motile, adult, invasive form of an infective protozoan is called a __________. trophozoite 67. The dormant, infective stage of a protozoan is commonly referred to as a ___________. cyst 68. A _____ host harbors the parasite when it reproduces by sexual reproduction. definitive 69. A host that is not part of the normal life cycle is called ____________________. accidental 70. Flukes, tapeworms, roundworms, and tissue parasites are examples of __________. helminths 71. A scolex and segments called proglottids are associated with ______________. tapeworm