Download AP Psych final review guide Fall 2016

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Format: 100 Multiple choice questions and 1 free response question
Please note all vocabulary words are fair game on the final. Below I have listed concepts that you should
have an understanding of, beyond just the definition.
Quizlet: All chapters combined
Psychology’s History and Approaches
History and Approaches: Quizlet flashcards
I. Important people:
A. Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, John Locke (tabular Rasa), Edward
Titchner, William James
II. Father of psychology (what did he do)? Date?
III. What is empiricism?
IV. Be able to distinguish between the outdated perspectives of psychology
A. Structuralism: Edward Titchener, what is introspection? Flaws of introspection?
B. Functionalism: William James
V. Perspectives (key words and key people)
A. Psychoanalytical
1. Keywords?
2. Key person: Freud
3. Modern version: Psychodynamic
B. Behaviorism/Behavioral
1. Keywords?
2. Key people: John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
C. Humanistic
1. Keywords?
2. Key people: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
D. Biological
1. Keywords?
E. Evolutionary
1. Keywords?
F. Cognitive
1. Keywords?
G. Social-cultural
1. Keywords?
VI. What is psychology?
VII. Contemporary Psychology
A. Nature-Nurture debate
B. Three levels of analysis (key words in each level)
C. Biopsychosocial approach (be able to apply to each chapter)
D. Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist
E. Applied (industrial/organizational, human factors, counseling, clinical, psychiatry) vs.
Research (Developmental, educational, personality, social psychology)
Research Methods: Quizlet Flashcards
I. Psychology as a Scientific method – why do we need it to be a science?
A. Hindsight bias & Overconfidence
II. Scientific attitude 3 main components: curious eagerness, scrutinize competing ideas, humility
III. Scientific method: theory, hypothesis
IV. Sample vs. population
V. Types of research – description of each and pros and cons of each.
A. Case Study
B. Survey: word effects, random sampling (representative sample, population, and random
sample)
C. Naturalistic Observation
D. Correlation (prediction NOT causation): correlation coefficient, positive/negative correlations,
strength of correlation (-1.0 to +1.0), scatter plot interpretations, predict (not cause and
effect!), illusory correlation,
E. Experimental research: random assignment, blind (single-blind and double-blind), placebo
effect, Groups (experimental and control group), independent variable, dependent variable,
confounding/extraneous variables, operational definitions (replication)
VI. Describing data
A. Measures of central tendency: mode, mean, median
i. Which do you use when you have outliers?
B. Measures of variability: range, standard deviation
C. Normal curve: 68% (1 STD away from the mean) 95% (2 STD) 99.7% (3 STD)
D. Inferential statistics:
i. statistical significance?
1. p-value of .05 or lower
ii. When is a difference between groups significant (note this is different than statistical
significance)
1. Averages are reliable
a. representative samples, scores have low variability, more cases
(replication)
b. Differences between averages is relatively large
VII. Ethics in research: (Informed consent, Protection from physical and psychological harm,
confidentiality, debrief)
Biological Bases of Behavior Quizlet Flashcards
I. Neural processing and the endocrine system
A. Neural Communication
1. Neuron: sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
a. Parts of a neuron: dendrite, soma (cell body), axon, myelin sheath, terminal
branches, synapse/synaptic gap
b. Firing a neuron: action potential, ions (positively versus negatively charged),
resting potential, selectively permeable, depolarize, refractory period, threshold,
all or none response, reuptake
c. Neurotransmitters functions and consequences of overabundance and
undersupply of each: Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine,
GABA, Glutamate
i. Agonists versus antagonist
B. The Nervous System:
1. Peripheral nervous system:
a. Somatic nervous system
b. Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system and
parasympathetic nervous system)
2. Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
a. neural networks
C. Endocrine system: hormones, adrenal glands (fight or flight response), pituitary gland
D. Differences between nervous system and endocrine system
II. The brain
A. Tools of examining the brain:
1. Electoencephalogram (EEG), Computed tomography scan (CT), Positron emission
tomography scan (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Functinoal MRI (fMRI)
2. Which scans measure activity which show anatomy?
B. Parts of the brain and their functions
1. Older Brain structures: Brainstem (medulla, pons, reticular formation), thalamus,
cerebellum, limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus), cerebral cortex
(lobes and corresponding cortex– frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal)
2. Label: lobes, medulla, pons, cerebellum
C. Language: aphasia (broaca’s area and wernicke’s area)
D. Brain damage: lesion, plasticity, constraint-induced therapy, neurogenesis
E. Split brain – consequences
F. Right-left brain differences: hemispheric specialization
III. Genetics, evolutionary psychology, and behavior
A. Behavior genetics: heredity versus the environment
B. Codes for life: chromosome, DNA, genes, and genome
C. Twin and adoption studies: identical twins, fraternal twins – criticisms?
D. Evolutionary psychology:
1. Natural selection (mutation, adaptation)
2. Gender differences: sexuality, preferences in partners
Sensation and Perception: Quizle Flashcards
I. Sensing the world
A. Sensation vs. perception
B. Bottom-up processing vs. top-down processing
C. Selective attention (cocktail party effect), inattentional blindness, change blindness
D. Psychophysics, absolute threshold, signal-detection theory, subliminal, priming, differences
threshold (jnd), Weber’s law, sensory adaptation
E. Vision
1. The Stimulus input: Light energy: transduction (occurs in retina), wavelength, hue,
intensity
2. The eye: cornea, pupil, iris, lens (accommodation), retina (rods and cones)
3. Visual processing: visual cortex, feature detectors, parallel processing
4. Color vision: young-helmholtz trichromatic theory, opponent-process theory
F. Hearing
1. Sound waves: audition, amplitude, frequency (pitch)
2. The ear: outer ear (auditory canal, ear drum), middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup),
inner ear (oval window, cochlea (basilar membrane), auditory nerve, auditory cortex
3. Perceiving loudness: basilar membrane’s hair cells (compressed sound)
4. Perceiving pitch: place theory (high pitched sounds), frequency theory (low pitched
sounds, volley principle)
5. Locating sounds: stereophonic hearing,
6. Hearing loss: conduction hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, chochlea implant
G. Other senses:
1. Touch: Types of touch (pressure, warmth, cold, pain),
i. Kinesthesis, vestibular sense (semicircular canals)
ii. Understanding pain:
1. biological influences: noiceptors, gate-control theory (explains
stimulation can reduce pain by shutting gate), endorphins, phantom
limb sensation) tinnitus, social-cultural influences, psychological
factors (distraction)
2. Taste (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami), taste buds (chemical sense)
3. Sensory interaction (flavor = smell and taste, McGurk effect)
4. Smell: Olfaction (chemical sense, odor molecules, olfactory bulb)
H. Perceptual Organization:
1. Gestalt, figure-ground,
2. Grouping (proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure)
3. Depth perception (visual cliff), Binocular cues (retinal disparity)
4. Monocular cues (horizontal-vertical illusion, relative height, relative size,
interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, light and shadow)
5. Motion perception: stroboscopic movement, phi phenomenon
6. Perceptual constancy (shape, size, lightness, color)
7. Perceptual interpretation: sensory deprivation and restored vision, perceptual
adaptation (displacement goggles), perceptual set
8. Parapsychology & Extrasensory perception (Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition),
psychokinesis (What does research of psychic visions reveal?)
States of Consciousness: Quizlet Flashcards
II. States of consciousness (sleep, wake, altered states)
A. Sleep and Dreams: Circadian rhythm (24 hour cycle, temperature changes, suprachiasmatic
nucleus – melatonin)
1. Stages of sleep: what happens in each stage?
a. REM (paradoxical) sleep vs NREM sleep
b. 90 minute cycle
2. Sleep debt, Effects of sleep loss
3. Sleep theories (why do we sleep)
4. Sleep disorders – symptoms of each (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors,
sleepwalking/sleeptalking)
5. Dreams – theories of dreaming?
a. psychoanalytic perspective (Freud): manifest vs. latent content
B. Hypnosis:
1. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
2. Hypnotherapists
3. Posthypnotic suggestion
4. Can it alleviate pain?
5. Who is more likely to be hypnotized?
C. Drugs and consciousness
1. Tolerance, withdrawal, dependence (physical vs. psychological), addiction
2. Psychoactive drugs: Know each category, what drug falls under each category, and
side effects of each drug
a. Depressants
a. Alcohol
b. Barbiturates
c. Opiates
i. Heroin, narcotics (codeine and morphine)
ii. Brains tops producing endorphins
b. Stimulants
a. Amphetamines
b. Caffeine
c. Methamphetamine
d. Cocaine
e. Nicotine
c. Stimulant and mild hallucinogen
a. Ecstasy (MDMA)
d. Mild hallucinogen
a. Marijuana, THC
e. Hallucinogens
a. LSD
3. Factors that contribute to drug abuse
Learning: Quizlet Flashcards
I. Learning, habituation, associative learning
II. Classical Conditioning
A. Know how to identify the following components: N, US, UR, CS, CR, higher-order
conditioning, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization,
discrimination, learned helplessness, conditioned taste aversion
A. Know the research of: Pavlov, Watson, and Garcia
III. Operant conditioning
A. Skinner’s chamber/box
B. Shaping
C. Law of effect (Thorndike)
D. Discrimination, generalization
E. Reinforcements:
1. positive and negative reinforcement
2. primary vs. secondary reinforce
3. immediate vs. delayed reinforcements,
4. continuous vs. partial reinforcements
a.
Partial reinforcement schedules: variable ratio, fixed ration, variable
interval, fixed interval
b.
Overjustification effect, intrinsic motivation, vs. extrinsic motivation
5. Token economy
F. Punishments:
1. positive vs. negative
2. problems with punishment
IV. Latent learning
V. Cognitive map
VI. Insight
VII. Biological predispositions to classical and operant conditioning? (quicker to learn things
associated with survival)
VIII. Observational Learning:
A. modeling,
B. mirror neurons,
C. Bandura’s experiment,
D. Prosocial effects vs. antisocial effects.
Cognition: Quizlet Flashcards 7A
Quizlet Flashcards 7B
I. Memory
A. Three-stage model: encoding, storage, retrieval
B. Connectionism model: Sensory memory (duration), Short term memory (duration, capacity),
Long-term memory (unlimited capacity)
C. Modified memory model: working memory, automatic processing
D. Encoding
1. automatic processing and parallel processing
2. effortful processing (information requires attention to be passed from sensory to shortterm memory):
i. rehearsal, overlearning, spacing effect (massed vs. distributed practice), testing
effect, serial position effect (recency and primacy effect)
3. Improving encoding: Self-reference effect, rosy retrospection, chunking
E. Storing memories:
1. Biological aspects: long-term potentiation, CREB, glutamate, hippocampus
2. Flashbulb memory
3. Implicit (emotional and procedural memories – cerebellum) and explicit memories
(semantic and episodic memories)
4. What does research on amnesia show in regard to explicit and implicit memories?
F. Retrieval: recall, recognition, retrieval cues, mnemonic devices, priming, context effects
(context dependent memory), déjà vu, state dependent memory, mood congruent memory
G. Forgetting: proactive interference and retroactive interference, repression
H. False memories: misinformation effect, source amnesia, suggestibility
II. Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity and Language
A. Concepts (category hierarchies, prototype)
1. Problem solving methods: heuristics vs. algorithm
B. Obstacles to problem solving:
a. confirmation bias, fixation (mental set and functional fixedness), representative
heuristic, availability heuristic, overconfidence, belief perseverance, intuition,
confirmation bias
C. Components of language structure: phoneme, morpheme, grammar (semantics, syntax)
a. Receptive vs. productive language (babbling stage, one-word sage, two-word stage,
telegraphic speech)
E. Language theories: Skinner (operant learning –association, imitation, reinforcement),
Chomsky (inborn universal – language acquisition device)
Motivation and Emotions Motivation flashcards
Emotion Flashcards
I. Motivational theories:
A. Instinct (evolutionary)
B. Drive-reduction theory (homeostasis)
C. Incentive
D. Optimum arousal
E. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs – (what are the different levels, can we skip stages?, what are
some problems with his theory?)
II. Hunger:
A. Physiological:
a. Contractions of the stomach
b. Glucose and insulin
c. Hypothalamus: laterial vs. vetromedical
d. Appetite hormones (ghrelin, obestatin, PYY, leptin)
e. Set point, basal metabolic rate
B. Eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder
C. Obesity – historical explanations, social effects of obesity (weight discrimination),
III. Sexual motivation:
A. Sexual response cycle: excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase (refractory
period)
B. Hormones and sexual behavior: estrogen, testosterone
C. Sexual orientation
IV. Emotion
A. Theories of emotion: James-Lange theory, cannon-bard theory, two-factor theory
B. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system (arousing), parasympathetic nervous
system (calming)
C. Polygraph: how does it work?
D. Spillover effect
V. Stress and health:
A. Stress response system: general adaptation syndrome
B. Stress and the heart (coronary heart disease, type A versus type B)
Developmental psychology Quizlet Flashcards
I. Prenatal development– know how each contributes to development
1. Prenatal development: zygote, embryo, fetus (what happens during each?)
2. Placenta, teratogens, fetal alcohol syndrome
J. The competent newborn: reflexes, habituation
K. Infancy to Childhood
1. Brain development: pruning process, maturation
2. Maturation/motor development – nature or nurture?
L. Cognitive development
1. Piaget’s theory: know each stage of development and concepts related to each
i. Criticisms of Piaget’s theory
M. Social Development:
1. Attachment/body contact: methods/results of Harlow’s research
2. Critical period and imprinting
3. Ainsworth’s ‘strange situation’: secure attachment, insecure attachment
4. Temperament: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up babies
5. Erikson’s stages: Know name of each stage, age ranges, and major conflicts in each
stage
6. Parenting styles (Baumrind): know the characteristics of each stage and the typical
results on child
N. Gender
1. Gender differences?
2. Gender role: Gender and child rearing (gender identity, gender typing, social learning
theory)
O. Adolescence
1. Physical development
i. Puberty: primary sexual characteristics, secondary sexual characteristics,
maturation time table
2. Moral development (Lawrence Kohlberg): Know how each stage would answer a
moral dilemma question
i. Gilligan criticized Kohlberg: why? What did her research find regrading
gender differences in moral reasoning?
P. Adulthood: Physical changes in middle adulthood and physical changes in later life?
1. Aging and memory: Recall versus recognition and prospective memory
2. Crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence: which one changes as we age?
Q. What are the advantages and disadvantage of cross-sectional and longitudinal research?
Personality: Quizlet Flashcards
I. Psychodynamic personality theory
1. Freud’s theory:
a. Personality structure (ID, ego, superego)
b. Ages/fixations of personality stages: oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage,
latency period, genital stage
c. Defense mechanisms: repression, regression, reaction formation, projection,
rationalization, displacement, sublimation, denial, intellectualization
2. Neo Freudians: Karen Horney (sense of helplessness), Alfred Adler (inferiority
complex), Carl Jung (collective unconscious)
3. Projective Personality tests: TAT, Rorschach inkblot test, sentence completion
a. Advantages and disadvantages of projective personality tests?
4. Criticisms of psychoanalytic perspective?
II. Humanistic personality theory:
1. Abraham Maslow (self-actualization, self-transcendence)
2. Carl Rogers (genuineness, acceptance, empathy. Unconditional positive regard, selfconcept: want ideal self and actual self to align)
3. criticisms of humanistic theory?
III. Trait perspective: Allport
A. Objective personality inventories:
1. MBTI
2. MMPI (empirically derived test)
3. Big five personality dimensions (know each)
4. How is factor analysis used in creating personality tests?
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of objective personality inventories
a. social-desirability bias
B. Criticisms of trait theory?
IV. Social-Cognitive Perspective:
A. Reciprocal determinism
B. External versus internal locus of control
C. Self-efficacy
D. Tyranny of choice/paradox of choice
E. Criticisms
V. Spotlight effect, self-esteem, self-serving bias, defensive and secure self-esteem
VI. Individualism and collectivism
Testing and Individual differences Quizlet Flashcards
A. Intelligence
B. Different theories of intelligence:
1. Spearman: g factor
2. Thurston’s theory
3. Gardner’s eight intelligences (savant syndrome)
4. Sternberg’s three intelligence
5. Goleman’s emotional intelligence
C. The brain and intelligence
D. Assessing Intelligence
A. History of intelligence testing:
i. Francis Galton’s intelligence testing
ii. Alfred Binet (mental age, chronological age)
iii. Lewis Terman (intelligence quotient equation)
B. aptitude test and achievement test
C. Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
i. Verbal and performance scores
II. Evaluating intelligence tests: standardization, normal curve, Flynn effect
A. Reliability: test-retest reliability, split-half reliability
B. Validity: content validity, predictive validity
III. Dynamics of intelligence
A. Low extreme: intellectual disability and down syndrome
B. High Extreme: Terman’s study of gifted, self-fulfilling prophecy
IV. Genetic and environmental influences on intelligence
A. Polygenetic?
B. Heritability
C. Environmental influences: tutored human enrichment
D. Gender similarities and differences: spelling, verbal ability, nonverbal ability, sensation,
emotion-detecting ability, math and spatial aptitudes
E. Ethnic similarities and ethnic differences
F. Intelligence testing and bias: popular sense and scientific sense
G. Stereotype threat
Abnormal Psychology:
Flashcards
I. Defining abnormal behavior (deviant behavior, distressful behavior, harmful dysfunctional behavior),
Diathesis stress model
II. Pinel’s contribution and the medical model
III. DSM 5 and criticisms
IV. Labeling psychological disorders: Rosenhan’s study
V. Types and symptoms of anxiety disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder (free floating anxiety), Panic
disorder, Phobias (specific, social, agoraphobia)
A. Neurotransmitters: glutamate, serotonin, GABA
B. Learning perspective and anxiety disorders (fear conditioning, observation learning)
VI. Types and symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders:
A. OCD (difference between compulsive behaviors and obsessive thoughts)
i. Brain: anterior cingulate cortex
B. Hoarding Disorder
C. Body Dysmorphic Disorder
VII. Trauma-Related Disorders: PTSD
VIII. Types and symptoms of somatoform disorders: Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder, Illness
Anxiety Disorder
IX. Types and symptoms of Dissociative Disorders (define: fugue state and dissociate states)
A. Dissociative Amnesia
B. Dissociative identity disorder (criticisms against existence of DID)
X. Types and symptoms of Depressive Disorders: Major depressive disorder, Persistent depressive
disorder, Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder)
A. Explanatory style of depression: stable, global, and internal mindset (vs. temporary, specific,
and external)
B. Biological aspects: GABA, Norepinephrine, serotonin, left frontal lobe
XI. Bipolar and related disorders: Bipolar disorder
A. Biological aspects: norepinephrine (low in depression high in mania), serotonin (low in
depressive episodes)
XII. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia
A. Positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, inappropriate actions) vs
Negative symptoms (flat affect, catatonic state, alogia, avolition)
B. Onset?
C. Neurotransmitters: Dopamine (too much) and glutamate
D. Brain: large ventricles in frontal lobe, fluid filled area
XIII. Type and symptoms of personality disorders: Antisocial, borderline, dependent, paranoid,
narcissistic, histrionic, passive-aggressive,
Treatment of Psychological Disorders:
Flashcards
A. History of treatment: Dorothea Dix, psychotherapy, eclectic approach
B. Psychoanalytic approach: Psychoanalysis (free association, resistance, interpretation, dream
analysis, transference)
E. Psychodynamic therapy: differences and similarities of psychoanalytic
F. Insight therapies: psychoanalysis, psychodynamic, humanistic
G. Humanistic therapies (Carl Rogers): client-centered therapy (nondirective), active listening,
unconditional positive regard (genuineness, acceptance, and empathy)
H. Behavior therapies:
1. classical conditioning techniques:
a. Counterconditioning: exposure therapies (systematic desensitization, virtual
reality exposure therapy) and aversive conditioning
2. Operant conditioning techniques: token economy
I. Cognitive therapies: cognitive-behavioral therapy, Beck’s depression therapy, Ellis’s Rational
emotive therapy (RET) and rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
J. Evaluating psychotherapy: regression toward the mean, meta-analysis, placebo treatments
K. Alternative therapies: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), light
exposure therapy (SAD)
L. Types of therapists: Psychiatrists vs counselors
M. Biomedical therapy:
1. Psychopharmacology (drug therapy)
a. antipsychotic drugs: treats schizophrenia
i. Common antipsychotics: Thorazine, Neuroleptics, Clozapine
ii. Works on what neurotransmitter? Blocks Dopamine
iii. Side effects: tardive dyskinesia
iv. Atypical antipsychotics: block both serotonin and dopamine, less side
effects than antipsychotics
b. antianxiety drugs: treats anxiety disorders
i. Common antianxiety medications: Xanax (benzodiazepines)
ii. Depresses central nervous system
c. antidepressant drugs: treats depressive and anxiety disorder
i. works on what neurotransmitters: norepinephrine and serotonin
ii. Common antidepressants: Prozac, paxil, tricyclis
iii. What are selective-serotonin reuptakes inhibitors?
iv. Side-effects: dry mouth, weight gain, dizzy spells
d. mood-stabilizing medications: treats bipolar
i. Common mood-stabilizing medications: lithium and Depakote
2. Electroconvulsive therapy:
a. What is it used to treat: severe depression
b. side effects: memory loss
3. Magnetic stimulation: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS), deepbrain stimulation
4. Psychosurgery: lobotomy (side effects?)
N. Primary, secondary, and tertiary approach to treating psychological disorders?
Social Psychology:
Unit Flashcards
I. Explaining others behavior: attribution theory (fundamental attribution error)
II. Attitudes and actions: foot-in-the-door phenomenon,
III. Zimbardo’s Stanford prison study: role
IV. Cognitive dissonance
V. Conformity and obedience: chameleon effect, Solomon Asch study, reasons for conforming, Milgram’s
study (what did researchers predict would be the outcome of the Milgram experiment? What was the
outcome?)
VI. How does the presence of observers affect a person’s performance?
A. Social facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation, group think, group polarization,
cultural norms
VII. Psychological factors of aggression and love/attraction
VIII. Psychological factors of helping others: altruism, bystander effect
IX. Social conflicts, social traps, mirror-image perceptions, and self-fulfilling prophecies.
X. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
B. What is the scapegoat theory?
I. What is the just-world phenomenon