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Transcript
MEDIEVAL AGES (500 a.d. – 1350 a.d.) What were the Middle Ages? • …the era between 500 to 1350 a.d. • …known as “Dark Ages” or “Medieval Era” • …after downfall of Romans, barbarian tribes plundered European countryside • …West – splintered remains of classical world/East – wealthy with Byzantine and Muslim influences •…violence and chaos reigned, but loyalties and changes took hold. •…the time period in which classical influences from Greece and Rome were temporarily lost to the general populace; which created an environment of ignorance, corruption and violence. •…”fend for yourself” or “die”. •…the Franks became the most influential of the barbarian tribes in modern-day Germany and France. Where did the Middle Ages begin? Who helped to create the Middle Ages? Frankish leaders Clovis • Around 481 a.d. • No conscience, brutal, violent and cruel • Supported Christianity • Name of the “Franks” Pepin II • Around 700 a.d. • “Mayor of the Palace” • Created hereditary leadership for medieval world Charles Martel • Known as “the Hammer” • Around 732 a.d. • Stopped Muslim advance into Western Europe • Removed threat of Islamic ideas in Christian lands Pepin III • Known as “the Short” • Around 760 a.d. • Crowned by Pope (with the grace of God) • Pope’s gain spiritual and political power • “Donation of Pepin” • Formation of alliance between church and state Charlemagne • 768 – 814 a.d. • Greatest king of Medieval Europe • Intelligent, religious and had little formal education • Conquered, united and maintained an empire in Western Europe • Title of “Emperor of the Romans” (close ties between Franks and church) Charlemagne’s system of government… •100’s of regions ruled by a Count •Each region possessed its own military of armed knights, laws and lands •Capital at Aachen (modern-day Germany) …government continued… •Usage of Missi Dominici, who were the “eyes and ears of the king” •Little to no taxes •Every individual was to contribute to the kingdom in his or her own way Charlemagne’s beliefs about education… •Create schools to educate all in one fashion or another •Scholars would be used from all over Europe •Produce a usable, vernacular-translated Bible •Create libraries and encourage the copying of religious texts to promote literacy …education continued… •Christianity based •Convert to Frankish and Christian ways - accept baptism in Christianity - or be executed After Charlemagne’s death in 814 a.d.,… • …his three grandsons (Louis the German, Lothair and Charles the Bald = sons of Louis the Pious) divide the kingdom… • …which leads to the downfall of the Frankish Kingdom and rule, because of… • …jealousy and internal conflicts, barbarian invasions and a general lack of unification. When Charlemagne’s kingdom was torn apart by internal strife,… it opened the door for another “barbarian people” to influence the European continent… they were the… VIKINGS Who were the Vikings? • Most feared of all European invaders in the 800’s and 900’s a.d. • From Scandinavia, not Minnesootaaah! • Known as “Vikings, Danes, North men or Norse men” • Misunderstood throughout history, as the label of violent and crude was only one aspect of Viking society. What were the Vikings like? • Democratic, loyal, resourceful, curious, hardworking, superstitious, creative, explorers, warlike, diligent and unrelenting… • Seen as “rude, crude and violent” The Vikings were a significant reason why medieval society survived and thrived throughout its difficult existence… without the Vikings, the assimilated, multi-cultural society that would develop in Europe would never have been. To deal with the ever-changing violence of medieval life, two distinct ways of survival developed to maintain a sense of organization and to help protect individual kingdoms. They were feudalism and manorialism. Feudalism Characteristics of feudalism… • • • • • • Political system based on ownership of land “Land, loyalty, protection, service and relationships” Fief – land Vassal – subordinate follower, feudal position Primogenture – inheritance of position Dowry – money given as a gift for service or to the groom in an arranged marriage • Relationship based on an exchange of goods and services Medieval society… • Monarch – total control and influence, top of feudal system • Nobility – upper class and wealthy, lived in castles or palaces, dependent on common people, feudal obligations, medieval cultural creativity and provided entertainment for kingdom • Peasants (known as “serfs”) – common people, mainly farmers and town folk, tied to the land for life, average life span 40 years, born/live/die in same place, simple and boring life style FEUDAL SYSTEM Monarch (King/Queen) Greater Lord Lesser Lord Knights PEASANTS Knights PEASANTS Lesser Lord Knights PEASANTS Knights PEASANTS • Feudalism continued– – Honorable relationship between legal equals – Personal loyalties and obligations – Feudal justice – trial by battle, oath taking and ordeals DESCRIPTION OF FEUDALISM pp. 186 – 190 READ, READ, READ Manorialism Characteristics of manorialism… • • • • Economic system closely connected to feudalism Based on the successful operation of the “manor” Manor – lord’s estate (property and lands) Self-sufficiency – being able to operate or survive without any outside help • Focused on “sustenance” instead of “profit” Manorialism continued… • The castle (or manor house) was the main feature of the “manor system” • Wide-spread trade was unknown, so self-sufficiency was necessary Ludlow Edinburgh Newark Cardiff Leeds Canterbury Pembroke Tower of London Alnwick Bamburgh Bodiam Harlech Beaumaris Deal Helmsley Berry Pomeroy Dover Laugharne Kenilworth Llansteffan Oxwich Kirby Muxloe Llawhaden Picton Lewes Nunney Powis Raglan Traquair Rhuddlan Whittington Sherborne Wiston Caerlaverock Clifford's Tower Chepstow Medieval Castle Project… • For an “A thru C”… – Draw 3-blue-prints of your castle, which will include frontand aerial views – Must be a scale-drawing on graph paper, in perspective and in proportion with all dimensions – Well-done, colorful, creative and inspirational Coats of Arms… Create a coat of arms… • Requirements – – Use the provided shield outline – Must include “4” images… • • • • Main image, must be approved Maternal image Paternal image “You” image, must be approved – Colorful, well-done, neat with all images Other important influences on the Middle Ages… The Church… Medieval Church… •…became the backbone of society, as Christianity was the core of most medieval lives •…administered the sacraments and led life by example •…belief that faith in Christ, living a life of morality and participation in the sacraments would lead to salvation •…was main “rival” of kings, as both desired similar things during this era – such as land, influence, titles, money, power, etc. Medieval Church Pope "Spiritual and Secular leader of the Christian Church" Curia "advisors to the Pope" "very influential" known as Cardinals Archbishops "regional supervisors" Bishops "local supervisors" Priests "administered the sacraments" "teaching about livlihood and morality" Monks/Nuns "provided basic social services" "hospitality, providers, educators" Characteristics of the church… • …religious, social and/or education centers • …pride in local churches • …required “tithe” or contributions to the church • …gender equality in heaven, but male-dominated on earth • …commitment to spiritual pursuits through monks and nuns • …life of service, educating and living a moral life • …creation of monasteries and convents • …became a spiritual and secular power • …rising conflict between “secular kings” and “papal supremacy” (would lead to difficult times between kings and popes) Power of the church… • Canon law – absolute authority in religious affairs as determined by the church; dealt with teachings and morality • Excommunication – an individual cut off from the church without sacraments or burial • Interdict – the church cutting off a town or region from receiving the sacraments or burial • …very influential with ending feudal conflicts and enforcing its will on medieval society • …internal reform movements, such as the Cluniac Reforms, reorganized the faltering direction and ended the church’s corruption and worldliness • …Franciscan, Dominican and Beguines transformed the Christian Church Medieval society… • • • • • • • • Cultural Entertainment and games Festivals and celebrations Superstitions Coats of Arms Weapons Tortures Oddities of Medieval life… Cultural… • Culture always includes any, and all, aspects of a society such as clothing, language, food, events, tools, etc… • …some unique aspects of medieval society include the following… Clothing… a) Frankish King and Queen b) Frankish Noblewomen c) King Charles the Bald d) Emperor Henry II, Frankish Bishop a) Monk, Bishop, Priest b) Frankish King and Queen c) Norman Ladies, Norman Noblewoman d) Knights and soldiers - First Crusade a) Servant, Roman Pope, King a) German Noblewomen b) Squire and Knight - First Crusade d) Commoner, Rich Jew, Knight a) Order of St. John of Jerusalem - Females b) Order of St. John of Jerusalem - Males c) Master and Knight of the Teutonic Order d) Templars - Knights a) German Prince, German Ladies b) German Knight and Family c) Italian Scholars, German Middle-Class Woman d) Knight, Prince, Templar - Knight a) Knightly Dress - King of Germany (1349) b) Court of Orlamunde (1315) c) Soldiers (1370) d) knights and lady (1378) 12th, 13th and 14th Centuries 14th Century and beyond… The code of conduct during the Medieval Era was called… CHIVALRY Characteristics of chivalry… • A code of conduct for knights and nobility • “simply complex” • Proof of worthiness, loyalty, courtesy, personal, selective respect and arrogance • Coat of arms and standards • Basis for medieval behavior • Applied only to nobility, not commoners! • “POLITICALLY CORRECT” code of conduct for medieval society • Set the tone for all behaviors, mannerisms, attitudes and traditions throughout Europe • “sappy love” and its “idealistic” views of love and courtship were emphasized • Poetry and songs Entertainment and Games… • Bear baiting, gambling, cock fighting, drinking, songs, dance, chess, jousting, sword fighting, theater, jugglers, story telling, art, church festivals, marriage or funeral processions, poetry, music, acrobats, performing animals, plays, bonfires, sports, tournaments, archery, hunting, falconry, melees… Festivals and Celebrations… • Any reason to gather became a festival or celebration… Weddings… Births and Funerals… Holidays – kingdom, religious, personal, local… Visitations… Weapons… …in-class presentaion Tortures… …in-class presentation Also, a major development in the Middle Ages… Towns during the Middle Ages… • Centrally located, crowded, dirty, cramped conditions, disease, fire, smelly, organized chaos and all sorts of people • Development of trade routes and trade organizations, called “leagues” • Vernacular languages (local dialects/slang was used) • Development of educational institutions in Paris, Oxford, Bologna and Salerno…better known as universities • Towns/cities led to – 1) Freedom and more rights 2) Exempt Status (a year and a day) 3) Town Justice 4) Commercial Privileges • A new mentality will arise in towns/cities, as the common people will gain more prestige, confidence and rights in society Growth during the Middle Ages … • development of “common law” – laws that apply to everyone…representative assemblies of the people. •Magna Carta (1215) – kings can not rule as they please; creation of “due process of law”; legal equality; everyone must obey the law. •rising conflict between spiritual leadership (pope) and secular leadership (king) over who holds real “power” throughout the medieval era. •Growth brought problems – jealousy, greed, disease, overcrowding, inflation…benefits – equality, opportunity, learning, “global mentality”. Other medieval events… •Agricultural Revolution – inventions/innovations to improve farming – iron plows, harnesses for horses instead of oxen, windmills, 3-field system •Commercial Revolution -- $ (or capital) was needed for investments, partnerships/guilds, insurance on business ventures, bill of exchange, tenant farmers, creation of a middle class, rise of usury (Jewish stereotype) •Revival of trade – demand for needed/exotic items intensified, trade companies/routes, trade fairs, creation of medieval cities/towns, usage of charters, “town air makes free!” …this growth was substantially influenced by the… CRUSADES What were the Crusades? •Christian efforts to recapture the “holy land” from Muslim control. •Unite Christians with a common sense of “cause” under “papal” leadership. • “God wills it!”, Pope Urban II and Innocent III Crusades of the Middle Ages… •First Crusade (1096 – 1099) – massacre of Muslims/Jews – receive spiritual forgiveness – guaranteed power of church and European supremacy – successful. Second Crusade (1147 – 1149) – horrible losses and failed to obtain objective of Jerusalem, miserable failure. Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) - (“crusade of the kings”, fails to recapture the holy land – Christians cut off from Jerusalem – failure. “Children’s Crusade” – unbelievable and terrible story. Fourth Crusade (1202 – 1204) – last attempt; turns to looting and destruction – failure – holy land remains under Muslim control. Effects of the Crusades… •Bitter hatred between Islam and Christianity. •Social improvements. •Luxury goods – fabrics, spices, perfumes •Increased trade – sugar, cotton, rice •“assimilation” •Development of money economies •Serfdom declines •Papal and state tension •Foreign travels – Marco Polo •Expanded medieval horizons •“Inquisition” Black Death… •What was it? A disease spread by fleas on rats •Types? Bubonic and Pneumonic •Effect on society? Killed 1/3 to ½ of the population of Europe All events and actions of the Middle Ages are leading to… • • • • • • • the creation of new ideas and curiosity the development of towns and cities a re-focus on learning a global mentality a community sense, based on Christian ideas a renewed pride in European society and human capabilities an opportunistic attitude about the world at large MEDIEVAL AGES (500 a.d. – 1350 a.d.)