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Kingdoms in North Eastern Africa: The Nile River Valley Instructions: Read the power-point on Kingdoms in North Eastern Africa and answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. 1. Name the three African kingdoms that were located in the Nile River Valley. Ancient Egypt, Axum & Kush 2. The people of Ancient Egypt called their land Kemet and themselves Kennui, which means Black in their ancient language. 3. Why did kingdoms arose in the Nile River Valley. State 3 reasons. agricultural growth, urbanization and the creation of large-scale political units 4. Permanent settlements grew into regional states and some of these states united into two states and became known as Lower & Upper Egypt. 5. Explain the difference between Black Land and Red Land. The 'black land' was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used this land for growing their crops. This was the only land in ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of rich, black silt was deposited there every year after the Nile flooded. The 'red land' was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated ancient Egypt from neighbouring countries and invading armies. They also provided the Ancient Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semi-precious stones. 6. Most ancient Egyptians worked as field hands, farmers, craftsmen and scribes. 7. The people of ancient Egypt built mudbrick homes in villages and in the country. 8. The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was the pharaoh = The Great House. 9. The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the Egyptian people, holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple'. 10. As 'Lord of the Two Lands' the pharaoh was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt. He owned all of the land made laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt against foreigners. 11. The most famous of all ancient Egyptian scripts is hieroglyphic. Using these scripts, scribes were able to do what? Scribes were able to preserve the beliefs, history and ideas of ancient Egypt in temple and tomb walls and on papyrus scrolls 12. Define pictograms and ideograms. Pictograms were pictures or objects, such as animals or tools .Ideograms were pictures that symbolized ideas and actions. 13. The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two languages: Egyptian and Greek. 14. Name the three scripts on the Stone and state what each was used for. The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. The Rosetta Stone was written in all three scripts so that the priests, government officials and rulers of Egypt could read what it said 15. There are about 80pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. 16. The most well-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid.' 17. The Great sphinx is a portrait of the pharaoh khafre. 18. Wealthy Egyptians built elaborate tombs called Houses of Eternity 19. The ancient Egyptians believed that temples were the homes of the gods and goddesses. 20. Define Mythologies: Mythology = A collection of stories and traditions about people and institutions. 21. When early Egyptians buried their dead in small pits, what did the sand do? The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural 'mummies'. 22. What is mummification? The process included embalming the bodies and wrapping them in strips of linen 23. Complete the following: I.Old Kingdom (Age of the Pyramids) - 2780-2108 B.C. - Pharaohs had all political & religious power - The Pharaoh was a landlord and rented out land to the nobles. - Pyramids were built to protect the dead. - Hieroglyphics told the Pharaoh’s story - Sphinx: Monument that has a body of a lion and head of a man (pharaoh). It represents the pharaoh as Ra, the sun god. Declined: - Collected taxes, but pyramids were still too costly - Pharaoh began to lose authority to nobles, who gained more authority over nomes (provinces) - Crops failed and people suffered. II.Middle Kingdom (Age of the Nobles) • 2100-1788 B.C. • A noble named Amenemhet I became pharaoh • He gave power back to the pharaoh Moved capital to Thebes Arts and literature flourished Successful war against Nubia Trade was successful Declined: Weak dynasties (dynasty = a line of hereditary rulers) • Hyksos warriors destroyed temples, and burned cities. III. New Kingdom (Age of the Empire) • 1580-1090 B.C. • Egyptian pharaohs drove out Hyksos warriors • The Egyptians created a standing army of charioteers, bowman and foot soldiers • Hatshepsut: Was a powerful female pharaoh, who expanded trade; time of peace; built a pyramid in Valley of the Kings. She is known as the world’s first known female rulerIt is believed that her step-son (Thytmose) murdered her, and he led military campaigns that ended the peace. • Declined: • Small invasions • A peace treaty between the Hittites and Ramses II caused Egypt to lose some dominance • Fell under Persia • Alexander the Great occupied Egypt and Cleopatra became the last pharaoh • Defeated in a naval battle against Rome and became part of the Roman Empire • • • • • • 24. People of Axum lived in the Ethiopian highlands near the Red Sea 25. The Aksumites controlled one of the most important trade routes in the world and occupied one of the most fertile regions in the world 26. Adulis was a trade center & they traded in ivory and possibly Slaves. 27. What did Ezana do for the kingdom of Axum and why was this important? Declared Axum to be a Christian state , thus making it the first Christian state in the history of the world, and began actively converting the population to Christianity • Define Syncretism A process in which 2 religions or belief systems are mixed to create a new blend of ideas. 28. Why did Axum decline? Axum declined due to the rise of the new and expanding religion Islam. Over exploited the environment 29. Kush is centered in the region Nubia and is in the Northern Sudan Region 30. Who is the founder of Kush and what did he do that was significant? Alara is said to be the founder. He unified the Napta based kingdom. 31. What was the most important resource in Kush? Why? Iron for weapons 32. When did Kush reach its climax in power? Why did this not last? When King Piye conquered all of Egypt. They lost their power in Egypt to the Assyrians, who had iron weapons. 33. Men and women held power jointly in Kush. 34. Who were the Black Pharaohs? Piye, Shabaka and Taharqa who ruled Egypt 35. Meroe became a powerful trade & military center. 36. How did the Kushites use elephants? Warfare, trade & transportation 37. What was a popular sport in Kush? Wrestling 38. Explain the decline of Kush. Kush declined in 300 CE due to the growth of the population and industry, which had a devastating impact on the environment. They were defeated by an Axum army. Egypt: Land of the Pharaohs Responses to RE VIEW AND RE FLECT (page 37) 1. What led to the creation of kingdoms in the Nile Valley? Kingdoms were created in the Nile Valley because the region was able to support permanent settlements. The people used water from the Nile and the fertile soils to cultivate the land. Since they no longer lived a nomadic lifestyle, they built permanent communities and economies. This led to the establishment of political states that became great civilizations. 2. Ancient settlers in the Nile Valley kept records of when the Nile flooded its banks. Why do you think it was important to know this? It was important to know when the Nile flooded its banks because this told farmers when to plant crops so they could reasonably predict harvest time. 3. How did Egyptian writing become more complex over time? How did writing contribute to the development of Egyptian civilization? Egyptian writing became more complex as they advanced from pictograms to ideograms. Pictograms depicted objects but ideograms were more sophisticated because they symbolized ideas and actions. Egyptians later added pictures in sequence that symbolized the sounds of words. As writing became more complex, it contributed to the development of Egyptian civilization because it created greater opportunities to communicate, record information, and exchange ideas. Kush: Lost Kingdom on the Nile Responses to RE VIEW AND RE FLECT (page 40) 1. What can scientists and archaeologists learn from studying the remains of ancient Kush? Scientists and archaeologists can learn about the culture and civilization of the Kush Empire and what factors made it a great civilization. They can uncover information about religion, politics, trade, archaeology, and technology that will help them understand why this ancient civilization flourished. 2. What was the economic importance of Kush? The economic importance of Kush was its trade resources. Iron ore was one of Kush’s most important resources. The abundant supply of iron ore made Kush the iron centre of ancient Africa. Its strategic location near the Red and Mediterranean seas allowed trade to flourish and generated great wealth for the rulers of Kush. 3. How did the exploitation of the environment contribute to the fall of the Kingdom of Kush? To meet the demand for iron, the Kushites cut down trees to burn as fuel in iron production. But they cut down the trees at such a rapid rate that the forests were unable to replenish themselves. This led to deforestation, which ultimately led to soil erosion. The Kushites could no longer earn a living from farming. As a result, Kush gradually disappeared. Axum: Kingdom at the Crossroads Responses to RE VIEW AND RE FLECT (page 44) 1. What resources contributed to the wealth of Axum? Ivory, rhinoceros horns, hippopotamus hides, gold dust, frankincense, spices, elephants, and enslaved peoples contributed to the wealth of Axum. 2. Do you think it is important to designate places like Axum as World Heritage Sites? What World Heritage Sites are you aware of in Canada? It is important to designate places as World Heritage Sites because much can be learned from studying the past. It is important to preserve and respect the histories of all people. Preserving ancient sites in Africa helps people learn about important civilizations and the contributions they made to world history. It also builds pride in the African Diaspora.