Download Progressive Goals - Northern Highlands

Please keep the following in mind as you prepare for the USII
Final:
This is a modified study guide that is for your use only. If
you share this study guide with anyone it will be a violation of
academic integrity.
Remember, this is only a guide. As you prepare you should be
reviewing all of the class notes from the year. These are
both sources to be utilized as you prepare for the final.
Test Format:
 70 Multiple Choice Questions
 30 Fill-ins
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USII History Final Exam Review 2014
WWI
Causes of WWI/ Allied vs. Central Powers:
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Nationalism
o Uniting cultures/language (National Identity)
o
Imperialism
o European nations looking to expand through colonies
o
Militarism
o All European nations except Great Britain have peacetime military drafts;
large military build-up
o
Alliances - Mutual Defense Agreements
o Triple Alliance- Central Powers
o Triple Entente- Allies
o
Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand
o Royalty from Austria-Hungary who was killed by a Serbian nationalist
(Princip), the Black Hand- Serbian terrorist organization
Zimmerman Note: January 1917; Germany attempts to create an alliance with Mexico;
Germany chose to begin unrestricted submarine warfare beginning February 1, 1917; US
remained neutral.
Sinking of the Lucitania: May 15, 1915; British passenger ocean liner; 1,200 passengers
die- 128 were Americans; Germany claimed munitions (military supplies) were on board;
Great Britain denied this claim.
Trench War/ No Man’s Land: Soldiers dug in-fixed positions; defensive warfare;
offensive attacks resulted in high casualties; “No Man’s Land” – neither side is winning
nor losing. STALEMATE
US Prepares for War: Selective Service Act – register for draft, Victory Gardens, Liberty
Loans, War Industries Board – convert factories for war production.
Wilson’s 14 Points: President Wilson’s plan for a lasting peace goal to eliminate the
cause of the war:
 Diplomacy in the public view
 Freedom of the seas
 Lower tariffs
 Reduction in armaments
 De-colonialization of empires
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Treaty of Versailles:
 Nations no longer in existence Collapsed countries- Russia, Germany, Ottoman
Empire, Austria-Hungary;
 The Big Four:
o President Wilson- US
o George Clemenceau- France
o Vittorio Orlando- Italy
o David Lloyd George- Great Britain
 Policy making Germany leaders were not allowed to attend the Paris Peace
talks
 Germany is punished, must accept full responsibility for the war, took away the
German colonies, reduced German Army and Navy (no U-Boats), Germany is
forced to pay $33 billion in war reparations.
 Senate rejects the treaty based on having to join an alliance (League of Nations)
this would have taken the power to declare war away from congress.
1920’s
Red Scare: Bolsheviks control Russia 1917- Soviet Union; Germany, Hungary, ItalyUprisingcall for destruction of capitalist system; Americans fear communism,
socialism, and anarchy; acts of terrorism- mail bombings (36 take place in 1919) causing
widespread hysteria
Flapper: one of the free-thinking young women who embraced new fashions and urban
attitudes of the 1920s.
Prohibition: prohibition was the period of time in which the 18th amendment
was in effect outlawing the manufacturing and selling of alcohol in the U.S., this turned
many people to organized crime, such as bootlegging
Al Capone – Head of organized crime in Chicago
Babe Ruth – Baseball hero of 1920’s, Home Runs!
Palmer Raids – Attorney General Mitchel Palmer used Red Scare to arrest and depot
suspected communists
Sacco & Vanzetti – Symbol of Red Scare bias. Arrested and executed for murder
because they were radical immigrants, did not receive a fair trial
Jazz Age: an expression of the times, of the breathless, energetic, super active time
during the 1920s; new form of music is developed.
Harlem Renaissance: located on the upper west side of Manhattan; Marcus Garvey &
UNIA; Literacy and artistic movementCelebrating African-Americans; home of the
African American literary awakening of the 1920s.
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Scopes Monkey Trial: a sensational 1925 court case in which biology teacher John T.
Scopes was tried for challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution.
Charles A. Lindbergh: first man who made a nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic
Ocean on May 20, 1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis.
Mass Production: the production of goods in large quantities, made possible by the use of
machinery and the division of labor
Mass Consumption: in Duglin’s words: “massive fast consumption of a specific thing”
that causes prices to go up
Credit – installment plan buying, buy more with less, people got in over their heads by
accumulating too much debt.
Henry Ford & the Assembly Line: Henry Ford created the Model T. Ford and introduced
everyone to the assembly line (passing a model along different stops to different people
to work on it) which caused mass production, causing the price to go down excessively
Stock Market Crash Causes:
 Speculation
o Buying, holding and selling the stocks to make money (risk/reward
analysis)
 Buying on margin
o Purchasing stocks with borrowed money
 Prices are rising but there is no wealth behind them
 Run on the banks
o Investors panic and rush to banks to withdraw their money
o 6,00 banks close by 1933 (25% of all banks in US)
o Nearly 85,00 banks will go bankrupt
Buying on margin: Term used in the stock market- purchasing stocks with borrowed
money
Black Tuesday – bottom fell out of the market one day after the market lost 5 billion
dollars in value, no recovery on this day.
Bonus Army: a group of World War I veterans and their families who marched on
Washington D.C., in 1922 to demand the immediate payment of a bonus they had been
promised for military service
Hoovervilles: 1 million Americans live in crates, scrap metal, etc; soup kitchens, bread
lines and homeless are very popular; also known as Shantytowns; President Hoover was a
president during the Great Depression and since he did almost nothing to help they
named the poor villages after him
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Dust Bowl: massive dust storms that occur in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and
New Mexico; caused by over plowing, over planting and over grazing; it becomes useless
soil; “Okies” migrate farmers from Oklahoma moving west for work.
FDR & the New Deal: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s program to alleviate the
problems of the Great Depression, focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery,
and financial reform. The 3 R’s.
Bank Holiday - Emergency Banking Relief Act - FDR closed down the banks while he
made new programs, like the FDIC, so people would reinvest in the banking system
Fireside Chats: when FDR would address the public on the radio to let them know what
was going on with the depression; he would do these next to his fire place
Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady who was the eyes and ears to her husband FDR. Very
influential in rights for women and minorities
WPA & CCC: WPA: (Works Progress Association) an agency, established as part of the
Second New Deal, that provided the unemployed with jobs in construction, garment
making, teaching, the arts, and other fields. CCC: (Civilian Conservation Corps) an
agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemployed mean to work
building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping un erosion-control and
flood-control projects
Social Securities Act: a law enacted in 1935 to provide aid to retirees, the unemployed,
people with disabilities, and families with dependent children
Court Packing: 1937 FDR proposing the Court Reform Bill which he wanted to add six
new judges to the Supreme court- 15 total; FDR really wanted to pack the Supreme Court
with judges that would Support his new Deal programs because in 1935 the Supreme
Court declares that some of the New Deal programs are unconstitutional; Supreme Court
s against government regulations on business and farming (NIRA & AAA)
WWII
World War II Axis Powers- Germany, Japan, Italy:
 Nazi Germany
o ruled by Hitler
 Fascist Italy
o ruled by Benito Mussolini
 Imperial Japan
o ruled by Emperor Hirohito
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Mein Kampf: Hitler’s book “My Struggle” that talked about what Hitler wanted/ what
Germany deserved. Ex: Versailles must be overturned, Germany must regain its
territories, and Germany must rearm, Lebensraum, “Jewish Problem”
Pearl Harbor 12/7/41: Japanese troops attacked the American Navy base of Pearl Harbor,
which entered America into World War II, ending isolationism; occurs at 7:00 am on a
Sunday morning; “Tora! Tora! Tora!”- Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! Japanese attack signal.
USS Arizona destroyed killing over 1200 men, memorial at Pearl, still leaking oil today.
General MacArthur- “I shall return”; MacArthur has a big ego; promises he will return as
he leaves the Philippines (March, 1942); returns in 1944 to set up his headquarters in
Manila.
Island Hopping: strategy used in WWII by the Allies; conquering island after island; the
U.S. Navy and Marines moving in towards Japan
Kamikaze – Divine Wind, Japanese suicide bombers, desperate tactic
Aircraft Carrier – New naval ship used primarily in Pacific. Navies would fight at sea
without seeing each other. Changed navy warfare.
Operation Overload: code name for the invasion of Europe during the D-Day
Supreme Allied Commander – Dwight D. Eisenhower
D-Day: June 6 1944 Allies Victory largest beach invasion in history; USSR on the
Eastern Front; Allies from North Africa through Italy to the South; Allies select
Normandy France as landing area for invasion
Manhattan Project:
 Robert Oppenheimer – scientist in charge
 name of the project that developed the atomic bomb
 Truman ordered the military to finish the bomb and use it to end the war with
Japan
Firebombing: Napalm was used against Japanese cities, very effective causing massive
damage.
Hiroshima: August 6 1945; B-29 bomber Enola Gay drops 1st atomic bomb “Little boy”;
80,000 are killed instantly
Nagasaki: August 9 1945; second atomic bomb “Fat Man” is dropped; 74,000 are killed
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Holocaust:
 genocide of Jews during WWII by Nazis
 also exterminated many other Slavic peoples
 communists, political enemies
Kristallnacht 1938: “night of broken glass”, a name given to the night of November 9,
1938, when gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and
synagogues in Germany
Cold War
Cold War: state of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the
U.S. and the Soviet Union after WWII lasted up until 1989
Containment & Keenan:
 American diplomat George Kennan urged collective resistance on the part of the
democracies to Soviet expansion.
 Containment – taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to
other countries.
o This policy of containment became the guiding principle of the Truman
Administration’s foreign policy.
Berlin Airlift: Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin in June of 1948; no food or fuel could
reach that part of the city; American and British officials flew food and supplies to West
Berlin; built Tegel Airport; For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes,
around the clock. In 227,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of supplies.
Blockade failed to starve Allies out airlift had succeeded in frustrating the Soviet attempt;
blockade was lifted in May 1949
Marshall Plan: the program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947,
under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them
rebuild after WWII; plan offered to Europe and Russia if they came up with a promising
recovery plan; Soviets refused; West Europeans did not.
Korean War 1950-1953: In June of 1950, North Korean troops and tanks launched a
powerful offensive into South Korea; Within days the South’s capital, Seoul, fell and the
S. Korean army was in full retreat towards the sea; on June 30, five days after the attack
had begun, the U.S. committed land troops to South Korea’s defense; American airpower
pounded the N. Korean troop concentrations and their supply lines. However, the N.
Korean army had conquered a lot of land and the forces of the United Nations were
backed up in the Pusan Perimeter at the tip of the S. Korean peninsula; MacArthur and
Inchon invasion; division of Korea restored at 38th parallel. The war ends in Stalemate –
No Winner, and Korea remains divided between North and South
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38th Parallel: line that divides Korea belt equidistant between the Yalu River and the
southern-most reaches of Korea
Red Scare: Joe McCarthy made claims that there were large numbers of Communist
sympathizers inside the federal government wasn’t able to name any one of these
“sympathizers”; increased fears of Communism
The Rosenbergs: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage
Joe McCarthy: takes advantage of the “red scare”; creates “McCarthyism- escalate4s
anti-Communism hysteria; eventually he goes too far and is exposed
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
 oversaw cease-fire of Korean War
 supported segregated schools but refused to publicly reveal it
 supreme Allied commander in Europe during WWII
 President after Truman
 see U2 incident
 Interstate Highway System – created after WWII in the US to aid with
transportation
Levittown’s – cookie cutter neighborhoods that were mass produced after WWII,
suburbs, affordable housing for GI’s.
Brinkmanship: the practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for
any aggression; (M.A.D) Mutually Assured Destruction
Election of 1960 JFK & Nixon: JFK won presidency due to his TV appearances
“Great Debate”: 1960 JFK vs. Nixon; 4 debates took place on television; 1st time ever the
debates were televised; 70 million people viewed the debates; JFK wins by a slim
marginclosest race since 1884; JFK becomes the youngest president elected at age 43
and is the only catholic president.
Berlin Wall: a concrete wall that separated East Berlin and West Berlin; built due to the
Berlin Crisis; built by 32,000 combat and engineer troops; tens of thousands of Germans
continued to flee to West Berlin; Soviets authorized building of a Berlin Wall in August
of 1961; population decrease ended and the wall would stand until 1989
Bay of Pigs: 1961; US tries to invade Cuba and is unsuccessful; Cuban exiles by CIA
attempt to overthrow Cuban Communist Leader Fidel Castro; 1300-1500 exiles are met
by 25,000 Cubans; Soviet support Cuba tanks and air support; huge embarrassment for
JFK and US
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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962: JFK informed the U.S. via television that the Soviets are
keeping missiles in Cuba; US presents the evidence to United Nations; US, Soviets and
Cuba are on the brink of nuclear war for 13 days; Khrushchev offered to remove the
missiles in return for an American pledge that the U.S. would not invade Cuba; U.S.
accepted and crisis
Resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis: US chooses to Quarantine Cuba; Soviets return
home; USSR removes missiles from Cuba; USA removes missiles in Turkey 6 months
later.
The Space Race:
o Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin – first man in space
o Alan Shepard – first American in space
o Neil Armstrong – 1969 first man to walk on moon “One small step for
man, one giant leap for mankind”
Dallas November 1963: JFK decided to visit Dallas, home of his VP Lyndon B. Johnson;
JFK travels to Dallas, Texas to begin re-election campaign; motorcade through Dealey
Plaza, Downtown Dallas; 12:30pm shorts are fired from 6th floor of the Texas
Schoolbook Depository; JFK is assassinated and the Texas governor is wounded; LBJ is
sworn in on Air Force One.
LBJ: Lyndon Baines Johnson; JFK’s VP; replaced JFK after his assassination; president
during Vietnam War; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Great Society: President Johnson’s vision for America; Civil Rights and End Poverty
Great Society Initiatives:
 LBJ’s plan to transform society through government programs and government
legislation
 Civil Rights Act (1964)
o no discrimination in public accommodation, housing & jobs
o more federal power to prosecute Civil Rights crimes
 End Poverty
o 24th Amendment
 Abolish poll tax in federal election
o Voting Rights Act
 Eliminated literacy tests
 Head Start, PBS, Housing and Urban Development
Vietnam
Domino Theory: help that if South Vietnam fell to communism, similar communist led
movements would threaten Laos, Cambodia and Thailand
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French Indochina: part of the French colonial empire in Indochina in Southeast Asia. The
capital of French Indochina was Hanoi.
Ho Chi Minh- Communist Leader: governed Northern Vietnam and led forces against
Japanese, French and Americans
Viet Cong (VC): The South Vietnamese Communists, who, with North Vietnamese
support, fought against the government of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War; wanted to
reunite Vietnam by destabilizing South Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin 1964:
 U.S. Navy claimed two American destroyers were attacked, one being the USS
Maddox, by North Vietnamese torpedo boats
 US believes “we must defend ourselves”
 LBJ went to Congress and asked for a Tonkin Gulf Resolution permitting the
American president to authorize all necessary measures to protect American
forces and “prevent further aggression” in Southeast Asia
 Congress passed the resolution and granted the power to do whatever is necessary
to win in Vietnam and defeat Communism
Tet Offensive:
 during Lunar New Year
 Ho Chi Minh authorized an enormous coordinated series of attacks throughout
South Vietnam
 Vietcong attacked hundreds of sites in Southern cities, including the American
Embassy in South Vietnam’s capital, Saigon in Jan of 1968
 enormous propaganda victory; dispelled victory that the war was being won
 Military victory for US but also psychological defeat
Ho Chi Minh Trail: a network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the
Vietcong in South Vietnam; secret line that went through neighboring countries Laos and
Cambodia; provided support in the form of manpower and materiel, to the Vietcong and
to the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War
Agent Orange – Chemical defoliant to kill jungle, caused cancer and health problems
Napalm – used to burn the jungle, jellied gasoline
Search and Destroy – US tactic to fight in Vietnam, destroy village suspected of helping
VC
Credibility Gap – What Americans were seeing on TV did not match what they were
being told by the government, distrust, lose support for war
Kent State University: an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on
students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing 4
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1968 MLK/RFK:
 RFK
o democratic candidate running in the election of 1968
o assassinated by a Jordanian immigrant who was angry over Kennedy’s
support of Israel
 MLK
o Minister who led a non-violence movement for equal rights
o Assassinated on April 4,1968 in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray
LBJ does not run: LBJ drops out of the election of 1968; Senator Eugene McCarthy from
NH came close to elections making LBJ look bad and he wanted to end the war in
Vietnam
Nixon Wins: Richard Nixon wins the election of 1968; won the presidency by a narrow
margin in the popular vote and 301-191 in the Electoral College; ran against Hubert
Humphrey’ believes in Vietnamization and “Peace with Honor”
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