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Please keep the following in mind as you prepare for the USII Final: This is a modified study guide that is for your use only. If you share this study guide with anyone it will be a violation of academic integrity. Remember, this is only a guide. As you prepare you should be reviewing all of the class notes from the year. These are both sources to be utilized as you prepare for the final. Test Format: 70 Multiple Choice Questions 30 Fill-ins 1 USII History Final Exam Review 2014 WWI Causes of WWI/ Allied vs. Central Powers: Nationalism o Uniting cultures/language (National Identity) o Imperialism o European nations looking to expand through colonies o Militarism o All European nations except Great Britain have peacetime military drafts; large military build-up o Alliances - Mutual Defense Agreements o Triple Alliance- Central Powers o Triple Entente- Allies o Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand o Royalty from Austria-Hungary who was killed by a Serbian nationalist (Princip), the Black Hand- Serbian terrorist organization Zimmerman Note: January 1917; Germany attempts to create an alliance with Mexico; Germany chose to begin unrestricted submarine warfare beginning February 1, 1917; US remained neutral. Sinking of the Lucitania: May 15, 1915; British passenger ocean liner; 1,200 passengers die- 128 were Americans; Germany claimed munitions (military supplies) were on board; Great Britain denied this claim. Trench War/ No Man’s Land: Soldiers dug in-fixed positions; defensive warfare; offensive attacks resulted in high casualties; “No Man’s Land” – neither side is winning nor losing. STALEMATE US Prepares for War: Selective Service Act – register for draft, Victory Gardens, Liberty Loans, War Industries Board – convert factories for war production. Wilson’s 14 Points: President Wilson’s plan for a lasting peace goal to eliminate the cause of the war: Diplomacy in the public view Freedom of the seas Lower tariffs Reduction in armaments De-colonialization of empires 2 Treaty of Versailles: Nations no longer in existence Collapsed countries- Russia, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary; The Big Four: o President Wilson- US o George Clemenceau- France o Vittorio Orlando- Italy o David Lloyd George- Great Britain Policy making Germany leaders were not allowed to attend the Paris Peace talks Germany is punished, must accept full responsibility for the war, took away the German colonies, reduced German Army and Navy (no U-Boats), Germany is forced to pay $33 billion in war reparations. Senate rejects the treaty based on having to join an alliance (League of Nations) this would have taken the power to declare war away from congress. 1920’s Red Scare: Bolsheviks control Russia 1917- Soviet Union; Germany, Hungary, ItalyUprisingcall for destruction of capitalist system; Americans fear communism, socialism, and anarchy; acts of terrorism- mail bombings (36 take place in 1919) causing widespread hysteria Flapper: one of the free-thinking young women who embraced new fashions and urban attitudes of the 1920s. Prohibition: prohibition was the period of time in which the 18th amendment was in effect outlawing the manufacturing and selling of alcohol in the U.S., this turned many people to organized crime, such as bootlegging Al Capone – Head of organized crime in Chicago Babe Ruth – Baseball hero of 1920’s, Home Runs! Palmer Raids – Attorney General Mitchel Palmer used Red Scare to arrest and depot suspected communists Sacco & Vanzetti – Symbol of Red Scare bias. Arrested and executed for murder because they were radical immigrants, did not receive a fair trial Jazz Age: an expression of the times, of the breathless, energetic, super active time during the 1920s; new form of music is developed. Harlem Renaissance: located on the upper west side of Manhattan; Marcus Garvey & UNIA; Literacy and artistic movementCelebrating African-Americans; home of the African American literary awakening of the 1920s. 3 Scopes Monkey Trial: a sensational 1925 court case in which biology teacher John T. Scopes was tried for challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution. Charles A. Lindbergh: first man who made a nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20, 1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis. Mass Production: the production of goods in large quantities, made possible by the use of machinery and the division of labor Mass Consumption: in Duglin’s words: “massive fast consumption of a specific thing” that causes prices to go up Credit – installment plan buying, buy more with less, people got in over their heads by accumulating too much debt. Henry Ford & the Assembly Line: Henry Ford created the Model T. Ford and introduced everyone to the assembly line (passing a model along different stops to different people to work on it) which caused mass production, causing the price to go down excessively Stock Market Crash Causes: Speculation o Buying, holding and selling the stocks to make money (risk/reward analysis) Buying on margin o Purchasing stocks with borrowed money Prices are rising but there is no wealth behind them Run on the banks o Investors panic and rush to banks to withdraw their money o 6,00 banks close by 1933 (25% of all banks in US) o Nearly 85,00 banks will go bankrupt Buying on margin: Term used in the stock market- purchasing stocks with borrowed money Black Tuesday – bottom fell out of the market one day after the market lost 5 billion dollars in value, no recovery on this day. Bonus Army: a group of World War I veterans and their families who marched on Washington D.C., in 1922 to demand the immediate payment of a bonus they had been promised for military service Hoovervilles: 1 million Americans live in crates, scrap metal, etc; soup kitchens, bread lines and homeless are very popular; also known as Shantytowns; President Hoover was a president during the Great Depression and since he did almost nothing to help they named the poor villages after him 4 Dust Bowl: massive dust storms that occur in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico; caused by over plowing, over planting and over grazing; it becomes useless soil; “Okies” migrate farmers from Oklahoma moving west for work. FDR & the New Deal: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s program to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression, focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. The 3 R’s. Bank Holiday - Emergency Banking Relief Act - FDR closed down the banks while he made new programs, like the FDIC, so people would reinvest in the banking system Fireside Chats: when FDR would address the public on the radio to let them know what was going on with the depression; he would do these next to his fire place Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady who was the eyes and ears to her husband FDR. Very influential in rights for women and minorities WPA & CCC: WPA: (Works Progress Association) an agency, established as part of the Second New Deal, that provided the unemployed with jobs in construction, garment making, teaching, the arts, and other fields. CCC: (Civilian Conservation Corps) an agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemployed mean to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping un erosion-control and flood-control projects Social Securities Act: a law enacted in 1935 to provide aid to retirees, the unemployed, people with disabilities, and families with dependent children Court Packing: 1937 FDR proposing the Court Reform Bill which he wanted to add six new judges to the Supreme court- 15 total; FDR really wanted to pack the Supreme Court with judges that would Support his new Deal programs because in 1935 the Supreme Court declares that some of the New Deal programs are unconstitutional; Supreme Court s against government regulations on business and farming (NIRA & AAA) WWII World War II Axis Powers- Germany, Japan, Italy: Nazi Germany o ruled by Hitler Fascist Italy o ruled by Benito Mussolini Imperial Japan o ruled by Emperor Hirohito 5 Mein Kampf: Hitler’s book “My Struggle” that talked about what Hitler wanted/ what Germany deserved. Ex: Versailles must be overturned, Germany must regain its territories, and Germany must rearm, Lebensraum, “Jewish Problem” Pearl Harbor 12/7/41: Japanese troops attacked the American Navy base of Pearl Harbor, which entered America into World War II, ending isolationism; occurs at 7:00 am on a Sunday morning; “Tora! Tora! Tora!”- Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! Japanese attack signal. USS Arizona destroyed killing over 1200 men, memorial at Pearl, still leaking oil today. General MacArthur- “I shall return”; MacArthur has a big ego; promises he will return as he leaves the Philippines (March, 1942); returns in 1944 to set up his headquarters in Manila. Island Hopping: strategy used in WWII by the Allies; conquering island after island; the U.S. Navy and Marines moving in towards Japan Kamikaze – Divine Wind, Japanese suicide bombers, desperate tactic Aircraft Carrier – New naval ship used primarily in Pacific. Navies would fight at sea without seeing each other. Changed navy warfare. Operation Overload: code name for the invasion of Europe during the D-Day Supreme Allied Commander – Dwight D. Eisenhower D-Day: June 6 1944 Allies Victory largest beach invasion in history; USSR on the Eastern Front; Allies from North Africa through Italy to the South; Allies select Normandy France as landing area for invasion Manhattan Project: Robert Oppenheimer – scientist in charge name of the project that developed the atomic bomb Truman ordered the military to finish the bomb and use it to end the war with Japan Firebombing: Napalm was used against Japanese cities, very effective causing massive damage. Hiroshima: August 6 1945; B-29 bomber Enola Gay drops 1st atomic bomb “Little boy”; 80,000 are killed instantly Nagasaki: August 9 1945; second atomic bomb “Fat Man” is dropped; 74,000 are killed 6 Holocaust: genocide of Jews during WWII by Nazis also exterminated many other Slavic peoples communists, political enemies Kristallnacht 1938: “night of broken glass”, a name given to the night of November 9, 1938, when gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues in Germany Cold War Cold War: state of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after WWII lasted up until 1989 Containment & Keenan: American diplomat George Kennan urged collective resistance on the part of the democracies to Soviet expansion. Containment – taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries. o This policy of containment became the guiding principle of the Truman Administration’s foreign policy. Berlin Airlift: Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin in June of 1948; no food or fuel could reach that part of the city; American and British officials flew food and supplies to West Berlin; built Tegel Airport; For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes, around the clock. In 227,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of supplies. Blockade failed to starve Allies out airlift had succeeded in frustrating the Soviet attempt; blockade was lifted in May 1949 Marshall Plan: the program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after WWII; plan offered to Europe and Russia if they came up with a promising recovery plan; Soviets refused; West Europeans did not. Korean War 1950-1953: In June of 1950, North Korean troops and tanks launched a powerful offensive into South Korea; Within days the South’s capital, Seoul, fell and the S. Korean army was in full retreat towards the sea; on June 30, five days after the attack had begun, the U.S. committed land troops to South Korea’s defense; American airpower pounded the N. Korean troop concentrations and their supply lines. However, the N. Korean army had conquered a lot of land and the forces of the United Nations were backed up in the Pusan Perimeter at the tip of the S. Korean peninsula; MacArthur and Inchon invasion; division of Korea restored at 38th parallel. The war ends in Stalemate – No Winner, and Korea remains divided between North and South 7 38th Parallel: line that divides Korea belt equidistant between the Yalu River and the southern-most reaches of Korea Red Scare: Joe McCarthy made claims that there were large numbers of Communist sympathizers inside the federal government wasn’t able to name any one of these “sympathizers”; increased fears of Communism The Rosenbergs: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage Joe McCarthy: takes advantage of the “red scare”; creates “McCarthyism- escalate4s anti-Communism hysteria; eventually he goes too far and is exposed Dwight D. Eisenhower: oversaw cease-fire of Korean War supported segregated schools but refused to publicly reveal it supreme Allied commander in Europe during WWII President after Truman see U2 incident Interstate Highway System – created after WWII in the US to aid with transportation Levittown’s – cookie cutter neighborhoods that were mass produced after WWII, suburbs, affordable housing for GI’s. Brinkmanship: the practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression; (M.A.D) Mutually Assured Destruction Election of 1960 JFK & Nixon: JFK won presidency due to his TV appearances “Great Debate”: 1960 JFK vs. Nixon; 4 debates took place on television; 1st time ever the debates were televised; 70 million people viewed the debates; JFK wins by a slim marginclosest race since 1884; JFK becomes the youngest president elected at age 43 and is the only catholic president. Berlin Wall: a concrete wall that separated East Berlin and West Berlin; built due to the Berlin Crisis; built by 32,000 combat and engineer troops; tens of thousands of Germans continued to flee to West Berlin; Soviets authorized building of a Berlin Wall in August of 1961; population decrease ended and the wall would stand until 1989 Bay of Pigs: 1961; US tries to invade Cuba and is unsuccessful; Cuban exiles by CIA attempt to overthrow Cuban Communist Leader Fidel Castro; 1300-1500 exiles are met by 25,000 Cubans; Soviet support Cuba tanks and air support; huge embarrassment for JFK and US 8 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962: JFK informed the U.S. via television that the Soviets are keeping missiles in Cuba; US presents the evidence to United Nations; US, Soviets and Cuba are on the brink of nuclear war for 13 days; Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for an American pledge that the U.S. would not invade Cuba; U.S. accepted and crisis Resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis: US chooses to Quarantine Cuba; Soviets return home; USSR removes missiles from Cuba; USA removes missiles in Turkey 6 months later. The Space Race: o Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin – first man in space o Alan Shepard – first American in space o Neil Armstrong – 1969 first man to walk on moon “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” Dallas November 1963: JFK decided to visit Dallas, home of his VP Lyndon B. Johnson; JFK travels to Dallas, Texas to begin re-election campaign; motorcade through Dealey Plaza, Downtown Dallas; 12:30pm shorts are fired from 6th floor of the Texas Schoolbook Depository; JFK is assassinated and the Texas governor is wounded; LBJ is sworn in on Air Force One. LBJ: Lyndon Baines Johnson; JFK’s VP; replaced JFK after his assassination; president during Vietnam War; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Great Society: President Johnson’s vision for America; Civil Rights and End Poverty Great Society Initiatives: LBJ’s plan to transform society through government programs and government legislation Civil Rights Act (1964) o no discrimination in public accommodation, housing & jobs o more federal power to prosecute Civil Rights crimes End Poverty o 24th Amendment Abolish poll tax in federal election o Voting Rights Act Eliminated literacy tests Head Start, PBS, Housing and Urban Development Vietnam Domino Theory: help that if South Vietnam fell to communism, similar communist led movements would threaten Laos, Cambodia and Thailand 9 French Indochina: part of the French colonial empire in Indochina in Southeast Asia. The capital of French Indochina was Hanoi. Ho Chi Minh- Communist Leader: governed Northern Vietnam and led forces against Japanese, French and Americans Viet Cong (VC): The South Vietnamese Communists, who, with North Vietnamese support, fought against the government of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War; wanted to reunite Vietnam by destabilizing South Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin 1964: U.S. Navy claimed two American destroyers were attacked, one being the USS Maddox, by North Vietnamese torpedo boats US believes “we must defend ourselves” LBJ went to Congress and asked for a Tonkin Gulf Resolution permitting the American president to authorize all necessary measures to protect American forces and “prevent further aggression” in Southeast Asia Congress passed the resolution and granted the power to do whatever is necessary to win in Vietnam and defeat Communism Tet Offensive: during Lunar New Year Ho Chi Minh authorized an enormous coordinated series of attacks throughout South Vietnam Vietcong attacked hundreds of sites in Southern cities, including the American Embassy in South Vietnam’s capital, Saigon in Jan of 1968 enormous propaganda victory; dispelled victory that the war was being won Military victory for US but also psychological defeat Ho Chi Minh Trail: a network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam; secret line that went through neighboring countries Laos and Cambodia; provided support in the form of manpower and materiel, to the Vietcong and to the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War Agent Orange – Chemical defoliant to kill jungle, caused cancer and health problems Napalm – used to burn the jungle, jellied gasoline Search and Destroy – US tactic to fight in Vietnam, destroy village suspected of helping VC Credibility Gap – What Americans were seeing on TV did not match what they were being told by the government, distrust, lose support for war Kent State University: an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing 4 10 1968 MLK/RFK: RFK o democratic candidate running in the election of 1968 o assassinated by a Jordanian immigrant who was angry over Kennedy’s support of Israel MLK o Minister who led a non-violence movement for equal rights o Assassinated on April 4,1968 in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray LBJ does not run: LBJ drops out of the election of 1968; Senator Eugene McCarthy from NH came close to elections making LBJ look bad and he wanted to end the war in Vietnam Nixon Wins: Richard Nixon wins the election of 1968; won the presidency by a narrow margin in the popular vote and 301-191 in the Electoral College; ran against Hubert Humphrey’ believes in Vietnamization and “Peace with Honor” 11